Most contagious virus
While measles is thought to be one of the most contagious viruses, the measles, mumps and rubella-containing vaccine administered during childhood is considered the best defence to reduce future outbreaks.
In New Zealand, the shot is free for people born on or after January 1 1969.
The CDC states that nine out of 10 people who are not vaccinated against the disease will become infected upon exposure.
The virus is transmitted through water droplets released in the sneezes and coughs of infected people. Common symptoms include fever, cold-symptoms, conjunctivitis and red and blotchy rashes that first appear around the face and hairline before spreading elsewhere around the body.
The characteristic rash generally emerges three to four days after the initial symptoms develop.
Measles in NZ
The Ministry of Health says as of October 2022 there are no confirmed cases of measles in New Zealand but with people travelling overseas, there is a risk of the disease coming into the country.
The last major measles epidemic was in 2019/2020 with more than 2000 cases - the biggest outbreak since 1997.
Case numbers swelled from two outbreaks that particularly affected children under 2, teenagers and young adults aged under 30.
Māori and Pacific people were also hit hard - respectively making up 39 per cent and 36 per cent of those patients hospitalised.
Vaccination rates were markedly low among those affected: only 6.7 per cent of people admitted to hospital were fully vaccinated, and the figure among patients who didn’t need hospital care wasn’t much better, at 14 per cent.
Although the World Health Organisation said in 2017 New Zealand had “eliminated” endemic measles, it pointed out at the time there was a risk of future spread because of immunity gaps across the population.
The health ministry website says the best protection against an outbreak is to get immunised to protect yourself, your whānau and to help prevent the virus from spreading.
In August, health experts described how “petrified” they were at record low childhood immunisation rates - including for measles - which they fear will fuel deadly new epidemics.
For Māori, just 47 per cent of those aged 18 months had full immunisation coverage over the past year - a drop of 26 points since the start of the pandemic, and 22 points below the national rate.
To achieve herd immunity, experts say at least 90 per cent must be achieved.
“I think worried is an understatement,” said Dr Owen Sinclair (Te Rarawa), a Māori paediatrician at Waitākere Hospital.
“We are petrified. An outbreak would be catastrophic, with many deaths.”
It also emerged earlier this year a $26 million catch-up measles campaign targeted at 300,000 at-risk young adults has hit just 7 per cent of its target.
In July 2020, off the back of the measles outbreak that hospitalised 800 people, the Government launched a targeted immunisation catch-up campaign to reach an estimated 300,000 unvaccinated 15 to 30-year-olds.
There were about 400,000 measles, mumps and rubella (MMR) vaccines made available and $40m allocated for the rollout (this was later revised to $26m).
The rollout was hampered by the Covid-19 response and in March last year district health boards were directed to refocus on the pandemic and other areas. It was supposed to resume in November and run until the end of June.
At the time it was paused just over 20,000 of those vaccines had been administered.
Figures provided to National Party health spokesman Dr Shane Reti show after it officially ended in June just 23,595 doses had been administered, or 7 per cent of the target.
