Hamd Saddy, a car washer from Ghana, shops for vegetables at a Bangladeshi shop in Ballaro market, in Sicily, Italy. Photos / Gianni Cipriano, New York Times
The stands overflowed with Sicilian blood oranges and almonds.
Mediterranean mussels gleamed black. Taut yellow strings connected the tail fins to the grim mouths of sea bream, their silver backs curved like commas.
Vendors interrupted their Sicilian warbling ("It's her that I miss") to tempt passersby with traditional cartilage salads or spoon out spleen sandwiches over smoky grills.
But many of the immigrants shopping in Palermo's Ballarò market on a recent afternoon bypassed the Sicilian staples and went for heaps of hyacinth pea pods that Bangladeshis call sheem.
The pods used to be imported, said Sumi Dalia Aktar, a local Bangladesh-born politician who grew up in an apartment overlooking the market. But now, she said, Bangladeshis had found a way to grow and sell them in Palermo, angering the local Mafiosi who see cultivation of the pods as a threat to their traditions and control.
It's not just the Mafia. A fear of migrants, their customs — and sometimes, their produce — has taken root in Italy, fuelling the rise of populism and the ascent of Matteo Salvini, the tough Interior Minister and far-right leader of the anti-migrant League Party.
Salvini has repeatedly blocked ships carrying migrants from entering Italy, and in the run-up to this week's European Parliament elections, he has proposed — to the consternation of the United Nations, the Vatican and humanitarian groups — a tougher version of an already tough law designed to make migrant life hard.
The updated law, he has said, would crack down on the mafia, but also formalise the closure of Italy's ports to migrants rescued from the Mediterranean Sea by aid groups that Salvini characterises as allies of human smugglers.
Last weekend, Salvini made yet another aid ship filled with migrants hovering off the Sicilian coast a talking point, telling a rally of international populists, "While I am minister, that boat will not enter an Italian port."
On Tuesday, after the migrants landed anyway, a furious Salvini said on Facebook that if any minister had allowed migrants to enter the country, that minister must "answer to Italians."
But what Italians actually think about migrants is complicated, especially in Palermo, a city with a history dating back to at least the Phoenicians that adapted to conquerors and waves of immigration.
And Ballarò market, in the centre of town, is where many of those complications are playing out.
A group of Bangladeshi shopkeepers and other migrants helped confront the Mafia that Salvini promises to eradicate.
Migrants work in a restaurant that pays for the operations of pro-migrant and anti-Mafia activists.
Sicilian children play football beside a wall scrawled with "Salvini Parasite" graffiti and under a towering mural of St Benedict the Moor, who was born in Messina in the 16th century to slaves and became the protector of Palermo.
But immigrant vendors in Ballarò said extortion had not disappeared. Instead of thugs grabbing cash from the registers, their primary-school age children took what they wanted off the shelves. Some merchants who resisted had their shops burned down.
And in the apotheosis of many Italian nightmares, Nigerian mobsters have replaced, or worked with, the Sicilian Mafia to strike new fear into natives and immigrants alike.
Drug dealers from the dangerous Nigerian mob, known as the Black Axe, control many of the market's corners and hover outside ground-level apartments where sexually trafficked women are forced to work as prostitutes.
For Salvini and his supporters, those Nigerian mobsters symbolise the threat of migrants from Africa.
"In Turin a 23-year-old Nigerian refused to be identified and BIT OFF a policeman's finger!" Salvini wrote in a tweet yesterday.
Migrants in the market warned about which streets and corners to avoid, but they also said the greatest threat still came from the Sicilian Mafia.
For decades, the Mafia ravaged Ballarò. Anyone who could get out did. The exodus hollowed out Ballarò's buildings, and migrants moved in.
In the last 25 years, a government crackdown severely weakened the Mafia. But in 2016, a local Mafioso shot a Gambian migrant, Yusupha Susso, in the head, putting him in a coma.
A group of mostly Bangladeshi migrants had had enough. They refused to pay for protection and took legal action against the mobsters. One prominent crime family member ended up behind bars.
"I am proud" of the shopkeepers, Leoluca Orlando, Palermo's Mayor and an enemy of Salvini, said in his office, which displayed a painting and sculpture of St Benedict the Moor.
He said he had met secretly with the shopkeepers in the police chief's office and urged them to press charges.
Before the Mafia's era of terror, "Palermo was a migrant city," he said. "Arabs and the Normans lived together. I normally say, 'In Palermo, the dog and the cat and the mouse work together.'"
Aktar acknowledged that her Palermo neighbourhood was far from perfect. But as the 28-year-old Bangladesh native, wearing a hooded puffer coat and violet headdress, walked past Italian butchers selling pork chops and African restaurants selling okra, she said it was much better, and safer, since the migrants came.
"It was a place not to go," she said in Sicilian-accented Italian she acquired after having moved to Palermo at age 8.
As migrants on scooters buzzed by vendors calling out "strawberries," she expressed amazement that Chinese tourists gathered under her old apartment every morning. "Now it's a meeting place."
As the crowds thinned and the Italian shops closed, Aktar, a natural politician, ducked into the ethnic stores to catch up with vendors.
A little African girl, wearing the pink smock of an Italian nursery schooler, waved at her while her mother shopped for potatoes. Aktar pointed out all the stores on the street that were Bangladeshi-owned.
"Bangladeshi. Bangladeshi, Bangladeshi," she said. "Bangladeshi. Bangladeshi."
At one of those stores, Hamd Saddy, a 22-year-old car washer from Ghana, shopped for vegetables.
"Their prices are good," he said as the Bangladeshi shopkeeper plucked off sprigs of basil and mint from a plastic bag by the register and helped customers find cleaning products, jars of green peppers, cans of tuna, bottles of juice and "American sandwich" white bread. "It's open for everybody and everybody is welcome."
As night fell, Aktar stood on the street and whispered that the mob had targeted the Bangladeshi vendor who had owned the store behind her. Fearing for his family's safety, she said, he waited until his Italian citizenship finally came through and left for London.
"He had to start completely over, from zero again," said Aktar. Her own application for citizenship, she said, had been delayed by Salvini's new law.
As the market closed, Aktar said Salam Alaikum to the African, Bangladeshi and Middle Eastern men who had gathered for evening prayers in a tiny, storefront mosque.
The men doffed their shoes and began praying as a Sicilian woman on the other side of the thin wall shouted in anguish at the noise. The mosque's imam, Mohammed Fazlul Hoque, 57, who came to Palermo 24 years ago, took his neighbour's lament in stride.
"When there were no foreigners," he said. "The place was empty."
Written by: Jason Horowitz
Photographs by: Gianni Cipriano
© 2019 THE NEW YORK TIMES
Several Assad allies, including Maher and Mamlouk, sought refuge in Russia and Lebanon.