It is almost a century since wolves last lived in lowland France. Two decades ago, wolf packs began to push back over the Franco-Italian border in the mountains to the north of Nice. Since then, wolves have spread throughout the French Alps, across the busy Rhone valley and up the eastern border of France.
This year, for the first time, an unknown number of wolves has ventured into the rolling woodland and farmland of the sparsely populated plains of eastern France. Others are believed to have reached as far north as the French Ardennes, just south of the Belgian border.
None of this should be surprising or scaring, said Pierre Athanaze, president of a French wildlife defence group. "The wolf is a lowland animal, an animal of the plains. In Italy, they live in the flatland around Florence, without causing any problem. The same is true in Spain."
The wolf is a protected species under European law. It can no longer be hunted or poisoned as it was to extinction in France in the early 20th century and in Britain 200 years earlier.
Whenever a pack becomes too large, younger members are forced to seek new territory. Within a couple of years, it is predicted, wolves will have colonised the forest of Fontainebleau, just south of Paris.
Mr Athanaze says that nothing can now prevent the wolves that are recolonising France from joining up with the wolves that are reconquering Germany from Poland, a kind of European Union for wolves.
Mr Schreiner, a gentle, thoughtful man, disagrees.
"They should be shot on sight," he said. "We should have the right to hunt them. Maybe there is a place for them in the mountains, but you cannot allow wolves to roam in countryside like this. There is no room for them here.
"They have roe deer and other game to eat in the forests but it is much easier to attack sheep enclosed in a field. Because we don't hunt them, they no longer fear humans."
The number of sheep killed by wolves in France is running at about 5000 a year - double the number of five years ago. Farmers organisations have been pressing for the right to hunt wolves where they are troublesome. An experimental local ruling allowing wolf hunts in the Alpes-de-Haute-Provence was struck down as illegal by a French court.
Under the present rules, strengthened in farmers' favour in February, up to 24 wolves a year are to be culled by government marksmen. Trained and licensed shepherds are allowed to defend their flocks from an actual wolf attack. Farmers are encouraged to buy a savage dog or to erect electrified, 2m high fences.
Mr Athanaze accuses French farmers of refusing to adjust to reality. A recent poll, commissioned by his organisation, found that 80 per cent of people wanted wolves protected from farmers, rather than sheep from wolves.
- Independent
