Even before the vote in London, the US was preparing to act without formal authorisation from the United Nations, where Russia has blocked efforts to seek a resolution authorising the use of force, or from Capitol Hill. But the US had expected Britain, a major ally, to join in the effort.
Top US officials spoke with certain politicians for more than 90 minutes in a teleconference yesterday to explain why they believe Bashar al-Assad's Government was the culprit in a suspected chemical attack last week. Lawmakers from both parties have been pressing Obama to provide a legal rationale for military action and specify objectives, as well as to lay out a firm case linking Assad to the attack.
A number of politicians raised questions in the briefing about how the Administration would finance a military operation as the Pentagon is grappling with automatic spending cuts and reduced budgets.
Senator Jim Inhofe of Oklahoma, the top Republican on the Armed Services Committee and a participant on the call, said the Administration presented a "broad range of options" for dealing with Syria but failed to offer a single plan, timeline, strategy or explanation of how it would pay for any military operation.
It remained to be seen whether any sceptics were swayed by the call, given the expectation in advance that officials would hold back classified information to protect intelligence sources and methods.
"The main thing was that they have no doubt that Assad's forces used chemical weapons," New York Representative Eliot Engel, top Democrat on the House Foreign Affairs Committee and a supporter of Obama's course, said after the briefing.
But he said the officials did not provide much new evidence of that.
Democratic Senator Bob Menendez, chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee, said the briefing "reaffirmed for me that a decisive and consequential US response is justified and warranted to protect Syrians, as well as to send a global message that chemical weapons attacks in violation of international law will not stand".
Republican Representative Howard "Buck" McKeon, chairman of the House Armed Services Committee and a call participant, told reporters that Administration officials are in the process of declassifying the evidence they have of the Syrian Government using chemical weapons.
"When they do that, we'll understand. But it's up to the President of the United States to present his case, to sell this to the American public. They're very war weary. We've been at war now for over 10 years," McKeon said at a post-call news conference in Valencia, California.
In London, Prime Minister David Cameron argued a military strike would be legal on humanitarian grounds. But he faced deep pressure from politicians and had already promised not to undertake military action until a UN chemical weapons team on the ground in Syria released its findings about the August 21 attack.
The Prime Minister said in terse comments after the vote that while he believes in a "tough response" to the use of chemical weapons, he would respect the will of the House of Commons.
Caitlin Hayden, Obama's National Security Council spokeswoman, said the US would continue to consult with Britain but Obama would make decisions based on "the best interests of the United States".
It was not certain the US would have to act alone. France announced its armed forces "have been put in position to respond" if President Francois Hollande commits forces to intervention against Syria. Hollande does not need French parliamentary approval to launch military action that lasts less than four months.
Obama discussed the situation in Syria with Republican House Speaker John Boehner, who wrote to the President earlier this week seeking a legal justification for a military strike and the objectives of any potential action.
Assad, who has denied using chemical weapons, vowed his country "will defend itself against any aggression".
Some of the UN chemical weapons experts will travel directly from Syria today to different laboratories around Europe to deliver "an extensive amount of material" gathered, UN spokesman Farhan Haq said. While the mandate of the UN team is to determine whether chemical agents were used in the attack, not who was responsible, Haq suggested the evidence - which includes biological samples and witness interviews - might give an indication of who deployed gases.
Obama and other top officials have not revealed definitive evidence to back claims that Assad used chemical weapons on Syrians. US officials say the intelligence assessments are no "slam dunk", with questions remaining about who actually controls some of Syria's chemical weapons stores and doubts about whether Assad himself ordered the strike.
The officials spoke on condition of anonymity because they were not authorised to discuss the intelligence publicly.
Despite shortcomings in the intelligence, the White House signalled urgency in acting, with Earnest, the White House spokesman saying the President believes there is a "compressed time frame" for responding.
Obama continued making his case for a robust response to world leaders, speaking yesterday with German Chancellor Angela Merkel. With national elections scheduled in Germany for next month, Merkel is unlikely to pull her country into a military conflict.
Merkel also discussed Syria by phone with Russian President Vladimir Putin, insisting the attack "requires an international reaction", spokesman Steffen Seibert said.
Obama has ruled out putting American forces on the ground in Syria or setting up a no-fly zone over the country. He's also said any US response to the chemical weapons attack would be limited in scope and aimed solely at punishing Assad for deploying deadly gases, not at regime change.
"We do have to make sure that when countries break international norms on weapons like chemical weapons that could threaten us, that they are held accountable," he said during a television interview.
The most likely military option would be Tomahawk cruise missile strikes from four navy destroyers in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. At a minimum, Western forces are expected to strike targets that symbolise Assad's military and political might: military and national police headquarters, including the Defence Ministry; the Syrian military's general staff; and the four-brigade Republican Guard protecting Damascus, Assad's seat of power and possibly Assad's ruling Baath Party headquarters.
US officials also are considering attacking military command centres and vital forces, communications hubs and weapons caches, including ballistic missile batteries.
AP
