The incident provoked uproar at the end of a fraught and bad-tempered year in UK politics in which May's government has repeatedly clashed with Parliament over her Brexit plans.
The Commons has been in a frenzied state for weeks after a series of tense encounters over the UK's divorce from the EU and an attempted leadership coup against May.
The angry scenes will do little to help the Prime Minister secure the cross-party agreement she wants for her deal with Brussels, although she won support from politicians on her own side who are usually among her fiercest Brexit critics.
The row erupted after May finished her final session of prime minister's question time. Towards the end of her session, May was asked by a Tory if calling someone a "stupid woman" was acceptable - without Corbyn being named.
"Everybody in this house - especially on this 100th anniversary of women getting the vote - should be encouraging women to come into this chamber and should therefore use appropriate language," the Prime Minister said.
Video of Corbyn's muttered comment was spreading on Twitter and a succession of Tories then raised the issue with Commons Speaker John Bercow, demanding that he investigate.
Bercow eventually agreed to review the film of Corbyn's remark, with the aid of "lip speakers". Updating Parliament three hours later, Bercow said he could see why people thought Corbyn had used the words "stupid woman," but it was impossible to be certain. The Labour leader - like all "honourable" members of Parliament - deserved to be taken at his word, the Speaker said.
When it came, Corbyn's denial carried no weight with Conservative Cabinet minister Andrea Leadsom. She said the country would draw its own conclusions and she deeply regretted the fact that Corbyn had not "seen fit to apologise".
The Conservatives are unhappy with what they view as Bercow's pro-Labour bias, despite the fact he stood as a Tory member of Parliament, and he has had a long-running feud with Leadsom.
Conservatives then turned their fire on Bercow, who has faced accusations of bullying by his staff. Tory MP Vicky Ford said the Speaker had himself used the phrase "stupid woman". Bercow reacted with barely contained anger, wagging his finger at Ford and denying the allegation against him.
- Bloomberg