A storefront in Novoluhanske, a town in the Donetsk region of eastern Ukraine, is protected by sandbags from incoming mortar fire on February 20, 2022. Photo / Tyler Hicks, The New York Times
Slumped in a chair, red tie askew, his staccato delivery emphasising every grievance, President Vladimir Putin delivered a speech yesterday that sounded like a call to war.
It was also the culmination of a propaganda barrage orchestrated by Russian state media in recent days — a stark demonstration of how the Kremlin can use its dominance of the airwaves to lay the groundwork for a political decision that could cause widespread pain.
By Tuesday afternoon (Wednesday morning NZT), Russia's stock market had fallen again, leaving it some 20 per cent down in less than a week as businesses braced for damaging new Western sanctions. And the potential, far more tragic, costs if Putin were to go ahead with an invasion of Ukraine still appeared incalculable.
But to the millions of Russians watching television, the narrative of the last days has been completely different: booms and flashes of artillery fire. Blurred-out footage of human remains. Women and children, crying and fleeing. A separatist appeal to the president. An emergency meeting of Putin's Security Council. A dramatic address to the nation.
And what happens next is a mystery.
For months, as Washington warned of a looming Russian invasion of Ukraine, Russia's powerful propaganda machine dismissed and parodied talk of war.
Then, last weekend, everything changed. From the occupied territory of Ukraine to the halls of the Kremlin, the rationale for a possible invasion was put into place, piece by piece, and presented to the Russian public in an unrelenting push on state television.
By Tuesday morning, the breakfast news on state-run Channel 1 was announcing a "historic moment".
"Eight years of fear have ended," the announcer declared, a reference to the residents of separatist-occupied eastern Ukraine who, in the Kremlin's unfounded claims, are being subjected to "genocide" by Ukrainian forces.
It was too soon to tell how Russians would react to Putin's moves, but there was none of the widespread jubilation that accompanied his annexation of Crimea in 2014.
On Tuesday, as Russian state media claimed that Ukraine was firing at the Russian-backed separatist regions whose independence Putin recognised on Monday, it remained unclear how far the Kremlin would go in escalating the conflict.
"Hundreds and soon, tens of thousands of Ukrainians and Russian citizens may die because of Putin," Alexei Navalny, the imprisoned opposition leader, posted on social media. "Sure, he won't let Ukraine develop and will drag it into a swamp, but Russia will pay the same price."
On Tuesday, lawmakers in the lower house of Parliament, the State Duma, hinted that the Kremlin's campaign against the pro-Western government of President Volodymyr Zelenskyy of Ukraine would not end with Putin's recognition of the separatist territories in eastern Ukraine's Donbas region.
One nationalist deputy, Andrei Lugovoi, said he hoped that the recognition marked "the beginning of the return of all Ukraine to its historical bosom". Another, Sergei Mironov, ripped into Zelenskyy as a "coward, liar and scoundrel".
The angry, righteous tone was a continuation of the flurry of weekend news reports that aimed to paint a US-backed Ukraine as the aggressor — even though it insists it has no plans to mount an offensive against the separatist-held territories. State media seized upon Western warnings of a possible Russian invasion to paint the United States and its allies as warmongers.
On the marquee weekly news show on Russian state television, the host, Dmitri Kiselyov, on Sunday reeled off the international leaders he insisted could profit from war: Prime Minister Boris Johnson of Britain, President Emmanuel Macron of France and President Recep Tayyip Erdogan of Turkey.
"Everything is very serious," Kiselyov warned. "Ukraine is literally being dragged into war with Russia."
Later Sunday night, on a weekly show called 'Moscow. Kremlin. Putin', the president's spokesperson, Dmitri Peskov, reinforced the notion that while war may be coming, it would not be Russia's choice.
"Let me remind you that Russia throughout all its history never attacked anyone," Peskov said.
On Monday, Russian media broadcast separatist claims of an escalating assault by Ukrainian forces and broadcast an array of unsubstantiated claims — that Ukraine was shelling communications, bridges, a water filtration station and other infrastructure targets. Russian state television reported from the separatist-held city of Donetsk that Ukraine had sent saboteurs behind separatist lines.
On a YouTube channel run by another state television host, Vladimir Solovyov, a reporter on the ground in the separatist territory described the death of a local resident from Ukrainian shelling.
"He was torn to pieces," he said. "There's a genocide going on. People are being killed."
Ukrainian officials insisted their military was not preparing an assault against Donetsk and said the separatists were shelling their own territory.
Oleksiy Danilov, a senior Ukrainian security official, warned on Monday that Russia was waging a furious disinformation war.
"A great, powerful information provocation is being waged against our state," Danilov said. "But it is necessary to trust only official information."
But any Ukrainian protestations were ignored in Russia. The Russian military said it had destroyed two infantry fighting vehicles of the Ukrainian Armed Forces that had crossed into Russian territory in order to try to evacuate Ukrainian saboteurs. As a result, the Russian military said, five people were killed on the Ukrainian side — the first time during the crisis that the Russian military has claimed involvement in a deadly, direct clash with Ukrainian forces. Ukraine denied such an incursion had ever happened.
Footage of women and children fleeing the separatist territories tugged at heartstrings. On state television Monday, a reporter described government psychologists mobilising to support the traumatised refugees who had left husbands and fathers behind.
"I would like to say hello to my dad," a young boy was shown saying.
Soon, state television showed video of the Russian-backed leaders of the separatist territories making appeals directly to Putin to recognise their independence, neatly leading into a special meeting of the Kremlin's Security Council later that day.
The extraordinary televised spectacle appeared designed to legitimise Putin's fateful decision, casting his decision-making as deliberative and determined — a seeming rebuttal to critics who saw the president as more isolated than ever during the pandemic.
On Monday afternoon, Putin gathered his senior-most officials in the Kremlin's cavernous Yekaterininsky Hall, presiding over the unscheduled televised meeting of his Security Council. Because of Covid, he was seated at his own white table with gold trim, while the officials sat in chairs arrayed in front of him.
"I would like to underline that I did not discuss anything in advance with any of you," Putin said in the middle of the meeting, building the suspense as in a reality show. "What's happening now is happening on a blank page because I wanted to learn your view without any advance preparation."
Some officials appeared visibly nervous, while others made thinly veiled calls for a large-scale military offensive against Ukraine.
Putin repeatedly interrupted his foreign intelligence chief, Sergei Naryshkin, as he seemed to equivocate on whether or not to recognise the independence of the Russian-backed separatist republics in Ukraine's east, prompting Naryshkin to stutter and then say he was in favor of annexing the territories.
"That's not what we're talking about," Putin shot back.
Until recently, it appeared that many Russians had tuned out talk of an impending war. Pollsters say that while the possibility of war is one of Russians' greatest fears, no anti-war movement has emerged in recent weeks because many simply cannot imagine it or see how they can influence any decisions.
Russians "feel they can't influence the process at all", said Alexandra Arkhipova, a Moscow social anthropologist, who found that there had been relatively little discussion of a possible war with Ukraine online before the propaganda barrage of recent days. "So they try to avoid it."
On Sunday, a handful of activists unfurled anti-war posters in central Moscow's Pushkin Square and were promptly arrested. One of the protesters, Lev Ponomarev, a Soviet-era human rights activist, insisted that while for the moment many still could not imagine a war, most Russians would oppose it if it actually happened.
"There will be no support for this war," Ponomarev said in an interview on Monday. "It will be the collapse of this regime."
This article originally appeared in The New York Times.
Written by: Anton Troianovski
Photographs by: Tyler Hicks and Sergey Ponomarev
© 2022 THE NEW YORK TIMES
Several Assad allies, including Maher and Mamlouk, sought refuge in Russia and Lebanon.