Mandi, a kindergarten teacher in Ohio, had already done what she could to secure her classroom against a gunman.
She positioned a bookcase by the doorway, in case she needed a barricade. In an orange bucket, she kept district-issued emergency supplies: wasp spray, to aim at an attacker, and a tube sock, to hold a heavy object and hurl at an assailant.
But after 19 children and two teachers were killed in Uvalde, Texas, she felt a growing desperation. Her school is in an older building, with no automatic locks on classroom doors and no police officer on campus.
"We just feel helpless," she said. "It's not enough."
She decided she needed something far more powerful: a 9mm pistol.
So she signed up for training that would allow her to carry a gun in school. Like others in this article, she asked to be identified by her first name because of school district rules that restrict information about employees carrying firearms.
A decade ago, it was extremely rare for everyday school employees to carry guns. Today, after a seemingly endless series of mass shootings, the strategy has become a leading solution promoted by Republicans and gun rights advocates, who say that allowing teachers, principals and superintendents to be armed gives schools a fighting chance in case of attack.
At least 29 states allow individuals other than police or security officials to carry guns on school grounds, according to the National Conference of State Legislatures. As of 2018, the last year for which statistics were available, federal survey data estimated that 2.6 per cent of public schools had armed faculty.
The count has probably grown.
In Florida, more than 1300 school staff members serve as armed guardians in 45 school districts, out of 74 in the state, according to state officials. The programme was created after a gunman killed 17 people at Marjory Stoneman Douglas High School in Parkland in 2018.
In Texas, at least 402 school districts — about one-third in the state — participate in a programme that allows designated people, including school staff members, to be armed, according to the Texas Association of School Boards. Another programme, which requires more training, is used by a smaller number of districts. Participation in both is up since 2018.
And in the weeks after the Uvalde shooting, lawmakers in Ohio made it easier for teachers and other school employees to carry guns.
The strategy is fiercely opposed by Democrats, police groups, teachers unions and gun control advocates, who say that concealed-carry programmes in schools — far from solving the problem — will only create more risk. Past polling has shown that the vast majority of teachers do not want to be armed.
The law in Ohio has been especially contentious because it requires no more than 24 hours of training, along with eight hours of recertification annually.
Studies on school employees carrying guns have been limited, and research so far has found little evidence that it is effective. There is also little evidence that school resource officers are broadly effective at preventing school shootings, which are statistically rare.
Yet arming school employees is finding appeal — slight majorities among parents and adults in recent polls.
Of the five deadliest school shootings on record, four — in Newtown, Connecticut; Uvalde; Parkland; and Santa Fe, Texas — have happened in the past 10 years.
It was this possibility that brought Mandi and seven other educators to a gun range tucked amid the hayfields and farm roads of Rittman, in northeast Ohio.
Over the course of three days, Mandi practised shooting, tying a tourniquet and responding to fast-paced active-shooter drills. Her presence on the range, firing her pistol under the blazing sun, cut a contrast to the classroom, where she dances to counting songs with 5-year-olds, dollops out shaving cream for sensory activities, and wallpapers her classroom with student artwork.
Mandi, in her 40s, arrived at the training with nervous anticipation. She had been a teacher for a dozen years and has children of her own. She wanted to be sure she could carry her gun safely around students. "I get hugs all day long," she said.
And then there was the prospect of confronting an actual gunman. Could three days of training prepare her for the unthinkable?
Mandi and the other educators had come from Ohio and as far as Oklahoma for a 26-hour course by FASTER Saves Lives, a leading gun-training programme for school employees. It is run by the Buckeye Firearms Foundation, a Second Amendment organisation that works alongside a major gun lobbying group in Ohio. The lobbying group, the Buckeye Firearms Association, supported the new state law for school employees.
Over the past decade, the foundation estimates it has spent more than US$1 million (about $1.6m) training at least 2600 educators.
Its approach aligns closely with an argument that has become a hallmark of the National Rifle Association and the gun lobby: "The only way to stop a bad guy with a gun is a good guy with a gun."
In this view, teachers are the ultimate "good guys".
"We trust them with our kids every day," said Jim Irvine, an airline pilot and a longtime advocate for gun rights who is president of the Buckeye Firearms Foundation and volunteers as a director with FASTER.
Their philosophy is that saving lives during school shootings is a matter of speed and that schools cannot afford to wait for the police.
At Sandy Hook Elementary in Newtown in 2012, the first emergency call was made after about five minutes, and the first officers arrived at the school less than four minutes later. Still, 20 children and six adults were killed. In Parkland, the gunman killed 17 people in just under six minutes.
Even in Uvalde, where the police have been criticised for waiting on site for more than an hour, the gunman is believed to have fired more than 100 rounds within the first three minutes, according to a state report.
"Time is all that matters," Irvine said. "It's that simple."
In Mandi's school district, the superintendent said candidates must be approved by the school board. In addition to going through the FASTER training, they must meet annually with the sheriff's department and may be removed if their skills are not up to par.
At the FASTER programme, much of the training focused on firearm proficiency. The group practised shooting for hours — up close and far away, right-handed and left-handed, small circular targets and life-size human silhouettes.
Instructors offered safety and technical critiques, timed individuals' shots, and urged teachers and administrators to be assertive.
By the end of the programme, Mandi and her classmates had enough training to carry a gun in school under the new Ohio law. They are part of a growing and somewhat experimental stealth force in schools.
The outcome is far from known.
Although there have been anecdotes of armed citizens intervening in public shootings, such as the recent case at an Indiana mall, "that is an anomaly", said Jaclyn Schildkraut, an associate professor of criminal justice at the State University of New York at Oswego, who studies mass shootings.
Most mass shootings end when a gunman is shot or subdued by police, dies by suicide or leaves the scene.
For Mandi, the decision to be armed in the classroom seemed like a better solution than wasp spray or a tube sock.
To keep up her training, she goes to the gun range each week, she said.
And although she acknowledged that other important policies could help prevent school shootings, she did not feel she could afford to wait for change.
"We've got to help the kids right now," she said.
This article originally appeared in The New York Times.
Written by: Sarah Mervosh
Photographs by: Maddie McGarvey
© 2022 THE NEW YORK TIMES