Chris Crowe offers Walnut a dead baby mouse. He trained Walnut to tolerate his touch using food as a reward. Photos / the Washington Post
Chris Crowe offers Walnut a dead baby mouse. He trained Walnut to tolerate his touch using food as a reward. Photos / the Washington Post
Early one summer morning, as rain is misting the foothills of the Blue Ridge Mountains, a middle-aged man is courting a crane. Chris Crowe, 42, bends forward in a slight bow and then flaps his arms slowly, like wings. "Hey, girl, whatcha think," he coos.
Walnut has heard that line before. The stately bird ignores Crowe, reshuffles her storm-cloud-grey wings, and snakes her head gracefully to the ground, looking for something tasty to eat.
"Come on, now," Crowe says. The zookeeper grabs a fistful of grass and tosses it into the air. This is Crowe's sexiest move - a sly reference to building a nest together. Walnut looks up, curiosity glinting in her marigold eyes, but then she returns to probing the soft, wet ground with her bark-coloured bill. She's simply not feeling romantic, and who can blame her? I'm watching the two of them from behind a van. With binoculars. The bird must be totally creeped out.
"Try getting in the van," Crowe calls to me. I follow his suggestion, and, almost immediately, Walnut starts responding to Crowe's overtures. She returns his bows and then turns away from him and holds her wings loosely away from her body. Kneeling behind the bird, Crowe rests a hand gently on her back. Then he starts rubbing her thighs, rhythmically, almost pornographically. Thirty seconds elapse - it feels much longer - before Walnut steps away from Crowe, fixes a few out-of-place feathers, and then stretches out her wings, asking for another go-round.
In past years, Crowe would have taken this opportunity to inject Walnut with a syringe of crane semen. Alas, a matchmaker in Memphis - the keeper of the white-naped crane studbook, whose job is to ensure a genetically diverse captive population - has decreed that they don't need any more babies from Walnut, at least not this year. But that doesn't stop Crowe and Walnut from going through the motions all summer long, five days a week, sometimes several times a day. "It's not exactly fun for me, but it keeps Walnut happy," Crowe says.
More to the point, this strange cross-species seduction has helped ensure that white-naped cranes continue to exist, at least in captivity, says Warren Lynch, a fellow zookeeper at the Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute. "It's amazing, what Chris has accomplished with Walnut," Lynch says. "This isn't something just anyone can do."
When Walnut arrived at the Front Royal, Virginia, endangered species breeding center, back in 2004, she was the most genetically valuable white-naped crane in captivity. At 23, she had yet to produce a single chick, and she had a reputation for murdering her mates. Two male cranes that made amorous overtures toward Walnut had been found dead, with their bellies sliced open by her sharp claws. That, at least, was the rumour, Lynch says.
Crowe, SCBI's newest keeper, was assigned to the case. "Walnut had this whole 'black widow' thing going," Lynch recalls. "I told Chris, 'Be careful with this one.' " He would be so careful, in fact, so thoughtful and patient and understanding, that whether Walnut would become pregnant would be just one part of what transpired between them. Because the larger story was how Chris Crowe won over Walnut's wild heart.
If you wanted to talk to them, you had to make crane noises. If they were misbehaving or not paying attention, I'd just have to go 'brrr, brrrr.'
Walnut hatched on July 2, 1981, in an old horse barn in Baraboo, Wisconsin. She was the seventh white-naped crane born at the International Crane Foundation that summer, so her arrival went largely unheralded, says ICF co-founder George Archibald. Volunteers named her, somewhat randomly, after their favorite dessert at a nearby diner, a walnut cream pie.
The foundation was in full-tilt crane-making mode, trying to churn out as many of the rare animals as possible, recalls former ICF ornithologist Michael Putnam. When a pair of cranes produced eggs, staff would put the eggs in an incubator, which would prompt the pair to make more.
Walnut's parents, Mercury and Amazon, were happy to oblige. The handsome birds were famous at the ICF for producing loads of eggs, and also for their unusual origins. While most of the center's cranes were born in captivity, Mercury and Amazon were wild-caught birds. Captured illegally in China and smuggled to Hong Kong, the two cranes were probably en route to a private menagerie, or perhaps a taxidermist, Archibald says. Instead, they were intercepted by local authorities and eventually shipped to the ICF.
Though it would have been better to return the birds to the wild, international tensions in 1978 made that impossible, Putnam recalls. Plus, no one knew exactly where in China they had been captured, or what the birds might have been exposed to during transit. "We didn't want to release birds that might carry diseases and put them back into the wild flock," Putnam says.
The Whooping Crane is the tallest bird in N. America—males can reach ~5 ft! It has also been under threat since the late 1800s. In the 1940s, only about 20 were left in the wild. Protection under the Endangered Species Act has helped the Whooping Crane rebound. #EndangeredSpeciespic.twitter.com/0D7uASn93p
— American Museum of Natural History (@AMNH) July 24, 2018
This kind of poaching is less common today, but the white-naped crane population is falling fast because of a more relentless foe: booming human populations, which are overtaking, polluting or draining the wetlands that the birds need to survive. "One pair of cranes, to breed, usually requires huge wetland areas," Archibald says. "It may be several acres, it may be several hundred acres."
In addition to demanding vast areas of untrammelled wilderness, these difficult birds seem almost drawn to marginal places. For instance, one of the white-naped cranes' most important wintering grounds is the 2.5-mile-wide demilitarised zone that separates North and South Korea. There, in a strange, de facto nature preserve, white-naped cranes and their even-more endangered cousins, red-crowned cranes, root for tubers among the land mines they are too light to trigger. If tensions between the Koreas subside, however, the cranes will be in trouble. Farmers are already clamouring for access to the nutrient-rich land, and developers are planning for a reunification city and deepwater port.
As conservationists work to persuade people to preserve land for cranes, zoos are pursuing a parallel strategy. They are breeding captive white-naped cranes, creating an "insurance population," ready to be reintroduced should their wild counterparts disappear. But the problem with captive populations of animals is that they tend to get inbred, which is why - in 1981 - keepers were thrilled to have the genes of Mercury and Amazon to add to the mix.
The pair didn't seem to mind being transplanted from China to Wisconsin. Maybe the glacier-sculpted landscape of Baraboo felt familiar to the birds, or maybe Mercury and Amazon just decided to make the best of a strange situation. In any case, the two wowed ICF staff with their exuberant courtship displays - running, bowing, leaping and trumpeting their love for each other all summer long. That year, they produced nine chicks, including Walnut.
These wobbly baby birds were raised in small herds, minded by so-called chick mamas who fed them, cleaned their pens and took them out to a horse ring for daily exercise and to a baby pool for swimming lessons. The chick mamas were mostly volunteers, says Joan Fordham, a former ICF employee. Fordham's 10-year-old daughter was a chick mama one summer, and she apparently didn't get a lot of training. "If the cranes started fighting, she knew how to separate them, and that was pretty much it," Fordham recalls.
It's amazing, what Chris has accomplished with Walnut. This isn't something just anyone can do
Standards for raising cranes have changed since then. Now, highly trained zookeepers take care of the birds, and chicks are either left with their parents or raised by foster parent cranes, if at all possible. That's because the job of crane parent is more nuanced than we humans once realised. Cranes have elaborate body language and sophisticated hunting techniques - skills that chicks learn, at least in part, from observing their parents. In addition, if a captive-born chick is slated to be released into the wild, a fear of humans is crucial to their survival.
But perhaps the biggest reason crane chicks shouldn't be hand-reared is the possibility that they may "imprint" on humans. When it's time to find a suitable mate, some human-imprinted cranes seek out a partner that looks like their presumed parent - a human, instead of another bird. This, it seems, is what happened with Walnut.
Even back in the 1980s, crane keepers knew about the hazards of imprinting, and they took measures to make sure baby cranes saw plenty of other birds - by housing them in groups, for instance, and with mirrors. Some of the chicks, however, were intent on pecking their siblings to death, and they had to be separated from the others. Walnut might have been one such bird, Archibald thinks; he doesn't know for sure because, like all of Walnut's keepers before Crowe, he doesn't remember Walnut specifically. "Probably she was alone and somebody paid too much attention to her," Archibald says.
Bridging a 320-million-year evolutionary divide, Walnut likely made some human fall in love with her. This volunteer must have been very motherly indeed, posits Lynch. "I can only imagine that when someone hand-raised her . . . they perhaps even carried her around like a baby or something," he says. "I've just never seen a bird that strongly imprinted."
Chris Crowe works with Walnut, a crane who believes that Crowe is her mate.
This relationship, however well meaning, doomed Walnut to a life of loneliness. Cranes, which mate for life, are happiest when housed in pairs. Walnut was transferred to the Denver Zoo and then the Cincinnati Zoo, but keepers were never able to find her a mate. Somewhere along the line, she acquired her murderous reputation, though no zoo would admit to letting rare cranes die on their watch. Still, SCBI staff say the rumours are probably true.
Whether or not Walnut was killing her fellow cranes, she certainly wasn't contributing to her species' survival - which is why, in October 2004, she was transferred to SCBI for one last chance at motherhood.
The Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute sprawls across 3,200 acres of rolling hills near Shenandoah National Park. There, far from the noisy crowds that pour through its sister institution, the National Zoo in Washington, D.C., members of 21 threatened or endangered species are busy having babies, making their kinds a little less rare.
On his first week of work, in December 2004, Crowe met his new charges: 17 cranes and 36 ducks. Even among all these animals, Walnut stood out. Instead of hiding from Crowe like most of the other birds, she fearlessly walked to the chain-link fence separating them, ruffled her feathers and growled. "She came right up and was doing all sorts of displays," he recalls. "I didn't quite understand at that point, but they were territorial." It was around then that Crowe's colleague Warren Lynch mentioned Walnut's (allegedly) murderous past.
Walnut had this whole 'black widow' thing going. I told Chris, 'Be careful with this one.'
Crowe knew to give all the cranes a wide berth. Though they look practically ethereal - weightless clouds of feathers on reed-thin legs - cranes are known for rending clothes and skin with precisely aimed claws. For a crane keeper, even mundane chores like cleaning out food bowls are edged with danger.
As winter shaded into spring, Carol Hesch, assistant curator at the Memphis Zoo and keeper of the Association of Zoos and Aquariums' white-naped crane studbook, consulted a genetic database and determined that Walnut should be bred with Ray, a comely male crane two yards over. Ray, however, was already paired with Abigail; if they tried to put Walnut and Ray together, feathers would fly, so to speak. So, the plan was to use artificial insemination, a stressful procedure that requires capturing the birds and holding them down for minutes at a time.
One day that March, Crowe and Lynch entered Walnut's cage and herded her into a corner. The moment Walnut looked away, Lynch grabbed her body underneath her wings. Then, he stepped over the bird and held her between his legs, facing backward. Kneeling behind her, Crowe began massaging Walnut's cloaca - an all-purpose orifice that birds use for defecation as well as reproduction - and applied gentle pressure to her back, mimicking the weight of a male crane. Walnut purred, her cloaca opened, and Crowe injected semen that the two zookeepers had collected, in much the same way, from Ray.
Chris Crowe, a Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute bird keeper.
A few weeks later, Walnut laid two fertilised eggs, which Crowe stole and placed in Ray and Abigail's nest. That was necessary because, in the wild, cranes take turns incubating their eggs, and Crowe didn't want Walnut to shoulder that burden alone. "It's just too much for her," he says, "and I don't want to sit on it myself."
Plus, it was becoming clear to Crowe that Walnut did not see herself as a crane and might not recognise baby cranes as her own. In fact, one young male crane with a clear view of Walnut was always trying to get her attention, with head bobs and calls. Walnut wasn't having any of it. "She just gave him the stink-eye," Crowe says.
That summer, however, Crowe noticed that Walnut seemed interested in, well, him. When Crowe stopped by her yard, she would bow her head and raise her wings - motions that Crowe now recognises as the first moves of a mating dance. "At first, I thought that she was just excited to see me," Crowe says. "But then I'd see the other pairs doing the same things, and it kind of dawned on me."
Crowe accepted Walnut's invitation to dance. Though he felt a little silly, he bobbed his head when Walnut bobbed hers, and raised and lowered his arms like wings. The two circled each other, and sometimes Walnut would make a loud, trumpeting call - the beginning of the white-naped crane love duet. If no one was around, Crowe would try to do the male part of the song - making a Homer Simpson-like "woo-hoo" - but Walnut never found his efforts satisfactory.
It was becoming clear to Crowe that Walnut did not see herself as a crane and might not recognise baby cranes as her own
As the weather cooled, so did Walnut's ardour. But in the spring, Walnut began greeting her keeper with bows again. This gave Crowe an idea: If Walnut thought he was her mate, maybe Crowe could make that year's artificial insemination less stressful for both of them. "If we could get her able to do it without catching her, there's no stress, no risk of injury," Crowe says. "It's much better for us and for the crane." Lynch agreed. "As far as we knew, it had never been done before, but it seemed like a good thing to try," he recalls.
In fact, at least one man had "mated" with a crane before. Back in 1982, ICF's George Archibald bonded with a whooping crane named Tex. Like Walnut, Tex had imprinted on humans, so Archibald decided to become her mate, artificially inseminate her and add one precious chick to the critically endangered whooping crane population. For three months, Archibald camped next to Tex's yard and bonded with the bird by mimicking her dance moves. Keeping up with Tex required some real athleticism, Archibald says. "I would run around with her and leap into the air," he recalls, "and it was very exhausting, actually. It was good exercise."
Archibald knew all the cranes' moves because he had studied crane behavior for his PhD at Cornell University. Crowe, in contrast, learned how to woo Walnut by watching a pair of particularly amorous white-naped cranes named Brenda and Eddie, who also lived at SCBI. Brenda seemed to really like it when Eddie brought her material for their nest, so Crowe started bringing sticks and straw to Walnut. Sometimes she rejected Crowe's offerings outright, tossing the sticks right out of the nest. "She's real particular about the length and circumference of the sticks, and it changes from year to year," Crowe says. When Crowe got it right, Walnut was clearly delighted.
Chris Crowe goes through the motions of artificial insemination by mimicking the behaviour of a male crane with Walnut. Cranes mate for life.
Even though Crowe had proved his interior decorating skills, Walnut wouldn't allow him to touch her - a key step in artificial insemination. So Crowe started training her to tolerate his touch. Reaching his arm out slowly, he'd graze Walnut's tail feathers with his fingertips and then immediately reward her with a dead mouse, Walnut's favourite treat. Eventually, Walnut allowed Crowe to pet her entire back, and she seemed to enjoy it, purring like a contented cat.
One day, after some back petting, Walnut turned away from Crowe, extended her wings, and raised her tail - an invitation to mate. Walnut was asking Crowe to flutter to her back and perform what's poetically known as a "cloacal kiss." Crowe recalls being both startled and amused. "It's what I had been working toward and hoping for, but it was still surprising when it happened," he says. Composing himself, Crowe put a hand on Walnut's back and then rubbed her thighs, going through the motions of artificial insemination. This would prepare both of them for the real thing, come the following March.
Unfortunately, Walnut found Crowe to be a disappointing lover, at least at first. "I would start massaging her back, where the male crane would be perched when he's copulating, but then I had to stop momentarily to start massaging other areas, and she would stop soliciting and walk away," he says. "It took a little time for me to figure out to have one hand on one spot and another hand on the other spot, and for her to stay with it if I took my hands off her temporarily."
Once the two got their routine down, it was time to try again. In March 2007, Crowe and Lynch captured Ray and collected semen, and then Crowe injected it into Walnut by himself, with her willing participation.
At first, I thought that she was just excited to see me. But then I'd see the other pairs doing the same things, and it kind of dawned on me
Walnut and Crowe would go on to produce five chicks this way - a major boon for the captive white-naped crane population, Lynch says. That also means Walnut's rare genes are no longer in danger of dying with her, which is why, in 2008, a crane named Amanda stole Walnut's title as the most genetically valuable crane in captivity. Like Walnut, Amanda had few relatives and no offspring, so she was sent to SCBI to see if Crowe could work his magic again. He succeeded, so then he was sent another difficult female, a young crane named Wucheng.
"The training went much quicker with Amanda and Wucheng - I think because Walnut had kind of trained me," Crowe says. Amanda was eventually paired successfully with a male crane, and Wucheng seems to be able to bond with both humans and cranes, so she, too, will probably be matched with another bird. But as far as Walnut is concerned, Crowe is her mate for life.
A quiet, watchful child, Chris Crowe always felt a special kinship with animals. And though he grew up among the strip malls and subdivisions of Rockville, Maryland, he found wildlife nearly everywhere he looked. "I'd feed the squirrels in the yard, or if there was a baby bird out of the nest, I'd bring it home, raise it, cut up worms for it, things like that," he says. Crowe realises now that he probably should have left the birds where he found them. Fledglings look awkward and helpless, but it's a normal stage of bird development. Their parents keep feeding them, sometimes for weeks after they leave the nest. When well-meaning humans scoop them up, it's usually bad news for the birds.
When Crowe was 7, while on a family vacation at Yellowstone National Park, his love for animals transformed into a lifelong calling. "My dad picked me up and walked me up to a bison, which is not the safest thing to do. And I started crying. I was scared and upset," Crowe recalls. "My dad made some joke. He said, 'If he charges you, stand your ground and I'll run and get the car.' I think that snapped me out of the crying in fear." At that moment, Crowe saw the bison for what it was: "I started looking at its big, glossy eyes and twitching ears and wet nose, and I realised there's a real being there, a real creature, a thinking, feeling animal."
Later, on that same trip, he read about how 19th-century settlers nearly drove the bison to extinction. "I was horrified that people would do that," he says. That realisation was quickly followed by another, one that set the course for Crowe's career and life. "I thought, if we're causing all those extinctions and endangerments, then we are also the solution," he says. "We should be responsible for the solution, since we are causing the problem to begin with."
After graduating from Virginia Tech in 1998, Crowe won internships at Blackwater and Patuxent national wildlife refuges, where he tallied wild birds and kept an eye on nesting wood ducks. Then, he got what he calls his big break: working at a California-condor reintroduction programme. For a year, Crowe drove and hiked the vast desert surrounding the Grand Canyon, searching for condors that had been recently reintroduced. The inexperienced, young birds were just learning to soar and scavenge, and Crowe's job was to bring them extra meat and flush them away from unsafe roosts.
He went on to work on a wolf reintroduction program in North Carolina, then a shorebird research programme in North Dakota. Eventually, he landed back at Patuxent, where he was assigned to help raise whooping cranes. His job in 2003 was similar to that of the crane mamas that raised Walnut in 1981, but the rules for interacting with the chicks had become much stricter. To keep the cranes from imprinting on humans or becoming tame, Crowe wore a crane costume, and he never spoke words to the chicks. "If you wanted to talk to them, you had to make crane noises. If they were misbehaving or not paying attention, I'd just have to go 'brrr, brrrr,' " says Crowe, demonstrating a sound like a trumpet player warming up. "Just like kids, they'd turn and look at you and stop fighting or goofing off or whatever they were doing."
Crowe likes birds, but his dream job would be to work on another wolf reintroduction program. Unfortunately, those jobs are hard to come by, because releasing pointy-toothed carnivores tends to be politically controversial. "A lot of people are afraid of wolves, though they really shouldn't be," he says.
Crane reintroduction programmes, on the other hand, are an easier sell. These graceful creatures awe us with their ability to cross continents and oceans, Archibald says. Saving them is "like saving a great work of art." Plus, their magnetic beauty makes them excellent "umbrella species" - charismatic megafauna that inspire people to conserve entire ecosystems.
Crowe's job with the whooping cranes at Patuxent was only seasonal, so when a permanent crane keeper position opened up at SCBI, he applied. And that's when Crowe met Walnut.
Captive cranes can live past 60 years old, which means Crowe's commitment to Walnut could, in theory, last decades. "If she's still here when I'm eligible for retirement, I won't be able to leave," he says. "I'd feel like a jerk." Another male keeper - and Walnut clearly prefers men to women - might be able to woo her if Crowe were to disappear. But, as Crowe has seen with his other cranes, the loss of a mate is traumatic. Widowed cranes stop eating and fill the air with mournful calls, sometimes for weeks on end.
It's unlikely that Walnut will be called on to produce more chicks, but Crowe continues to dance with her and even "mate" with her when she asks. It's a strange job, but Crowe says he's used to getting teased at this point. "I've heard every joke," he says, and then shares his favourite: "What's the difference between erotic and kinky? Erotic, you use a feather. Kinky, you use the whole bird."
The best jokes, however, Crowe makes at his own expense. When I ask him if he has a partner, and if she or he is jealous of Walnut, Crowe responds with a disarming quip: "Walnut sets the bar pretty high. I'll never find a woman that's so happy to see me that she just starts dancing."
Chris Crowe cleans the water trough, refills the dry food and cleans away debris from a drain pipe in one of the crane enclosures.
Like an old couple, Crowe and Walnut have fallen into a comfortable routine. After "mating" with Crowe, Walnut will often lay unfertilised eggs. Crowe replaces them with fake ones; the real ones would rot and get eaten by crows, which would prompt Walnut to lay more. The bird then spends long hours sitting on the dummy eggs, so Crowe helps her out whenever he gets the chance. "I go over and stand near the nest and I say, 'You take a break.' And she'll wander off. She'll go down into the creek and take a bath. Then she walks back after 15 or 20 minutes, and she's ready to sit back on the nest again."
Though he does his best to not be a deadbeat dad, Crowe knows he falls short of crane standards. These are creatures that, once paired up, rarely lose sight of their partner; Crowe, in contrast, disappears every weekend. But despite Crowe's shortcomings, Walnut loves him unconditionally. In fact, this 12-pound bird's capacity for boundless affection sets a standard that we all could learn from, Crowe says. "The ideal partner doesn't exist. You have to accept certain things that people can't change," he explains. "I mean, she puts up with me even though I can't dance or sing."
Crowe is proud of his groundbreaking work with cranes, but he admits that sometimes the whole project feels futile. White-naped cranes are continuing to decline in the wild, and many other species appear headed toward extinction. The heart of the matter, it seems, is that most people don't share Crowe's conviction that animals are thinking, feeling individuals. That they have just as legitimate a claim on this planet as we humans do.
How do we bridge the ever-widening gap that separates us from the environment, other animals and even one another? Maybe, Crowe and Walnut are demonstrating - and my apologies to the Beatles - that all you need is love. After all, what ultimately drives even the most scientific, tough-minded conservation efforts is an irrational, big-hearted embrace of a wilderness that's coldly indifferent to us, an impossible connection we feel to animals that we can never truly understand. All this time, we heavy-headed primates assumed our brains held all the solutions, but maybe our hearts can be a better guide.
