Throughout history, a select band of the brave has willingly turned into human guinea pigs in the cause of science.
Benjamin Franklin got a shock from lightning by flying a kite in a storm. Sir Humphry Davy discovered laughing gas was an effective anaesthetic and Albert Hofmann took the first LSD trip in his search for new medicines.
Now, an academic has deliberately subjected himself to weeks of pain to answer one burning question - just where is the worst place on the body to get stung by a bee?
Michael Smith of Cornell University in the US was unstinting in his dedication to the task with even the most delicate parts of his anatomy subjected to multiple stings.
The results, published in the scientific journal PeerJ, could shed new light on the human body's sensitivity to pain in general. Smith, who researches bee colonies, said the idea came to him after a chat with his adviser about the occupational hazards. "We speculated it probably really would hurt to get stung in the testicles," he said.