There are highly inbred populations of the dogs in zoos, and some are kept as exotic pets. But for more than a half-century they remained elusive in the wild until 2012 when an ecotourism guide snapped a photo of a wild dog in the highlands of Indonesia's Papua province. It was the first seen since the 1950s, and McIntyre set to work. He received some funding from a mining company, PT Freeport Indonesia. The company, which has a history of conflict with the local population over environmental and safety issues and murky connections to the Indonesian military, operates a gold mine in the highlands near the wild dog sightings. In 2016 he spent about a month searching and captured 149 photos of 15 individual dogs.
"The locals called them the Highland wild dog," he said. "The New Guinea Singing Dog was the name developed by Caucasians. Because I didn't know what they were, I just called them the Highland wild dogs."
But whether they were really the wild singing dogs that had been considered extinct was the big question. Even the singing dogs kept in captivity were a conundrum to scientists who couldn't decide whether they were a breed, a species or a subspecies. Were these wild dogs the same as the captive population? Or were they village dogs gone feral recently?
In 2018, McIntyre went back to Papua and managed to get DNA from two trapped wild dogs, quickly released after biological samples were taken, as well as one other dog that was found dead. He brought the DNA to researchers who concluded that the highland dogs McIntyre found are not village dogs, but appear to belong to the ancestral line from which the singing dogs descended.
"For decades we've thought that the New Guinea singing dog is extinct in the wild," said Heidi G. Parker of the National Institutes of Health, who worked with Suriani Surbakti and other researchers from Indonesia and other countries on analysing the DNA samples that McIntyre returned.
"They are not extinct," Parker said, "They actually do still exist in the wild."
The highland dogs had about 72 per cent of their genes in common with their captive singing cousins. The highland dogs had much more genetic variation, which would be expected for a wild population. The captive dogs in conservation centers all descend from seven or eight wild ancestors.
The 28 per cent difference between the wild and captive varieties may come from some interbreeding with village dogs or from the common ancestor of all the dogs brought to Oceania. The captive, inbred dogs may simply have lost a lot of the variation that the wild dogs have.
Their genes could help reinvigorate the captive population of a few hundred animals in conservation centers, which are very inbred.
Elaine A. Ostrander of the NIH, a co-author of the report, says the finding is also significant for understanding more about dog domestication. The New Guinea Singing Dogs are closely related to Australian dingoes and are also related to the Asian dogs that migrated with humans to Oceania 3,500 years ago or more. It may be that the singing dogs split off around then from a common ancestor that later gave rise to breeds like the Akita and Shiba Inu.
"They provide this missing piece that we didn't really have before," Ostrander said.
Laurent Frantz, an evolutionary geneticist at Queen Mary University of London who studies the domestication and evolution of dogs and was not involved in the research, said, the paper makes clear "that these populations have been continuous for a long time."
But exactly when and where the dogs became feral and "what is wild, what is domestic" are still thorny questions, which the new data will help to address.
McIntyre did finish his work on the intersex pigs of Vanuatu, by the way, and you can find out more at the website of the Southwest Pacific Research Project. They are bred on purpose because they are highly valued by islanders.
Written by: James Gorman
© 2020 THE NEW YORK TIMES
