Fortunately, Wallenberg did not have to start his mission from scratch. Per Anger, a junior diplomat at the Swedish Legation, had already started passing out provisional passports to Jews who had relatives or business colleagues in Sweden. Per Anger also issued special certificates to Jews who had applied for Swedish citizenship.
One of Wallenberg's first tasks as the head of the legation department for assisting the Jews was to design a Swedish protective pass. These documents had no real standing in international law. However, Wallenberg had an excellent understanding of Nazi bureaucracy due to his previous business dealing in Germany and Nazi-occupied France. He knew that the official looking passes, with stamps, signatures and the coat of arms of Sweden, would command respect. Wallenberg managed to negotiate a quota of 4500 passes with the Hungarian authorities, yet in actuality issued three times as many.
Wallenberg didn't stop at issuing protective passes. He opened "Swedish Houses" where Jews could hide. Protected only by a flag and Wallenberg's declaration that these buildings were Swedish territory, 15,000 Jews were given refuge.
Though the end of World War II was in sight, the extermination of the Jews continued. SS officer Adolf Eichmann, who was in charge of implementing the "Final Solution" of European Jews, instituted death marches to deport the Jews of Hungary.
Raoul Wallenberg did not remain passive in the face of this horrendous crime. He chased the marches in his car, handing out food, clothing, medicine and his special passes. Using threats and bribes, he rescued those Jews who possessed Swedish passes, taking them back to Budapest despite being threatened himself with the guns of the Iron Cross guards.
When deportations took place by train, Wallenberg displayed extraordinary courage, climbing onto railcars bound for Auschwitz and handing protective passes to the Jews already inside the train. He would then demand that the Jews with passes be taken off the trains. All this under the watchful eyes of armed Nazi soldiers.
Eichmann planned to massacre all the Jews in the largest ghetto in mid-January 1945. Wallenberg found out about the plot and went into action. Unable to stop the massacre by himself, he turned to the only person who could, the commander-in-chief of German troops in Hungary, General August Schmidthuber.
Using a trusted go-between, Wallenberg sent a letter to the general, threatening that if the massacre was carried out, he would be held personally responsible and tried as a war criminal when WWII was over. The threat worked, and the massacre was cancelled at the last minute.
After the war, Wallenberg should have returned to Sweden a hero. Sadly, that was not to be. On January 17, 1945, Wallenberg was escorted by Soviet troops to their military headquarters east of Budapest.
On his way, he told one of his colleagues that he was not sure if he was going to be the Russians' guest or their prisoner. Raoul Wallenberg has been missing since that day; his fate never disclosed.
Commemorating 100 years to Raoul Wallenberg's birth, we remember his legacy to humankind and the light that can shine even in the darkest of eras. He was a remarkable man during an era we must remember to never forget. To you, Raoul, we wish to say "Shalom".
Shemi Tzur is Israel's Ambassador to New Zealand.
