Microscopic scales that cover the bodies of sharks, called dermal denticles, are a valuable resource for scientists studying sharks' history. Photo / 123RF
Microscopic scales that cover the bodies of sharks, called dermal denticles, are a valuable resource for scientists studying sharks' history. Photo / 123RF
Analysis of the fossil record shows a mysterious mass extinction that decimated the diversity of sharks in the world's oceans, and they've never fully recovered.
Extinctions that obliterate wide swathes of life have reshaped Earth's history. Typically triggered by an enormous environmental change — like an asteroid impact or asignificant shift in climate — these events give scientists an intimate look at how life recovers after a cataclysm. Researchers believe they've now pinpointed a previously unknown planetary-scale reset that occurred about 19 million years ago.
This extinction event transpired in the world's oceans and decimated shark populations. The sharks still have not recovered from the damage, the team suggests in a paper published last week in Science.
Scales cover the bodies — and even the eyeballs — of sharks. Known as "dermal denticles," the scales function like protective armour and their ridges also reduce drag as the animals swim, said Elizabeth C. Sibert, an oceanographer and palaeontologist at Yale University. The scales are microscopic — each one is only about the width of a human hair — but sharks slough off about 100 denticles for each tooth they lose, making them common in the fossil record.
This abundance makes them valuable to scientists seeking to understand the past, said Paul Harnik, a paleobiologist at Colgate University who was not involved in the research.
In 2015, Sibert received a box of mud spanning about 40 million years of history. The reddish clay, extracted from two sediment cores that had been drilled deep into the Pacific Ocean seafloor, contained fish teeth, shark denticles and other marine microfossils. Using a microscope and a fine paintbrush, Sibert picked through the sediment and counted the number of fossils in samples separated in time by several hundred thousand years.
About halfway through her data set, Sibert spotted an abrupt change in the fossil record. Nineteen million years ago, the ratio of shark denticles to fish teeth changed drastically: Samples older than that tended to contain roughly one denticle for every five fish teeth (a ratio of about 20 per cent), but more recent samples had ratios closer to 1 per cent. That meant that sharks suddenly became much less common, relative to fish, during an era known as the early Miocene, Sibert concluded.
Smooth (#62 and #63) and linear (all others) denticle types. Those marked with a (†) are extinct. Most modern sharks have linear denticles. Photo / E. Sibert and L. Rubin, Science 2021
Geometric denticle types, with extinct types also marked with a (†). Photo / E. Sibert and L. Rubin, Science 2021
Sibert and her collaborators, in an earlier study using the same data set, had also found that sharks declined in abundance by roughly 90 per cent about 19 million years ago.
"We had a lot of them, and then we had almost none of them," she said. "Basically the sharks almost completely disappear."
These declines in relative and absolute shark abundance suggest that something happened to shark populations about 19 million years ago, Sibert concluded.
But there was still the question of whether a true extinction occurred, she said.
"We wanted to know if the sharks went extinct or if they just became less prominent," Sibert said.
To test the idea of an extinction, she recruited Leah D. Rubin, a marine scientist then at the College of the Atlantic in Maine. Together, they developed a framework to identify distinct groups of denticles.
The researchers settled on 19 denticle traits — such as their shape and the orientation of their ridges. Sibert and Rubin sorted roughly 1,300 denticles into 88 groups. These groups don't correspond exactly to shark species, but seeing more groups is an indicator that a shark population is more diverse, the researchers proposed.
Of the 88 denticle groups present before 19 million years ago, only nine persisted afterward. The reduction in shark diversity suggests that they experienced an extinction around that time, Sibert and Rubin concluded. In fact, this event was probably even more cataclysmic to sharks than the dinosaur-killing asteroid impact that occurred 66 million years ago, they said.
"There were just a small fraction that survived into this post-extinction world," Sibert said.
The effects of this extinction were probably felt around the world. The consistent results from the two sediment cores — separated by thousands of miles — suggest that this was truly a "global event," two palaeontologists, Catalina Pimiento of the University of Zurich and Nicholas D. Pyenson of the Smithsonian Institution, wrote in a perspective article that accompanied the study in Science.
So far, the cause of this die-off remains unknown. There were no significant climatic changes in the early Miocene, and there's no evidence of an asteroid impact around that time.
"We have no idea," Sibert said.
"It's a fascinating mystery," Rubin added.
Sharks never fully recovered from this incident, and they have been declining in abundance in recent decades because of overfishing and other human-caused pressures, said Nicholas Dulvy, a marine conservation biologist at Simon Fraser University, who was not involved in the research. Scientists in the far future who pull up sediment cores dating to the 20th and 21st centuries might see an even bigger extinction signal than this one 19 million years ago, he said.
"There's a very real risk," he said, "that it's going to look worse than any of the mass extinctions that have ever happened on Earth.".
