On March 21, 2012, Sanogo led the military coup, which reversed two decades of democracy in this landlocked nation. Sanogo, at that time a captain, was backed by the rank-and-file soldiers at the Kati barracks, who marched on the presidential palace, toppling the former leader. Sanogo was opposed, however, by the elite paratroopers known as the Red Berets who made-up the guard of the country's ousted president. When the Red Berets attempted to lead a countercoup on April 30, 2012, Sanogo responded with blunt force, organizing what human rights groups describe as a purge of the military.
In the early morning hours of May 2, 2012, at least 20 soldiers who had taken part in the countercoup disappeared, according to a report by Human Rights Watch. The few who survived described being handcuffed and hogtied, beaten with batons, sticks, and gun butts, and kicked in the back, head, ribs and genitals. Around 20 were placed in a military truck, where a witness said he saw them with their hands bound and their eyes covered. The mother of one of the missing men told Human Rights watch that her son made one last phone call, saying the soldiers detaining him were arguing about whether to kill him.
For most of 2012, Sanogo instilled fear in Mali, despite the fact that he had officially stepped down and handed power to a civilian government. Although the country's interim leader set up his office inside the presidential palace, it was clear that the real seat of power was Kati barracks, where Sanogo continued to hold court, receiving daily visits from diplomats and politicians.
This summer, Mali held its first presidential election since the coup, electing President Ibrahim Boubacar Keita, known by his initials IBK. Soon after the election, Sanogo was promoted to four-star general, and rights groups worried that the new president would continue the former government's policy of looking the other way when Sanogo meddled in state affairs.
But anthropologist Bruce Whitehouse, an expert on Mali, says that if you looked carefully, the new administration was taking subtle steps to defang the coup leader. In October, Sanogo was forced to move out of his headquarters at Kati barracks and into a residential neighborhood. The move undercut his ability to sow trouble, since he was now removed from the rank-and-file soldiers who had backed his rise to power. In November, the army chief of staff, a longtime Sanogo ally, was removed, another sign that Keita was not going to humor Sanogo.
"Many other recent developments in Bamako suggest that the government of President Ibrahim Boubacar Keita ("IBK") has been gradually stripping the Kati junta of whatever power it still exercised," Whitehouse wrote in a blog post on the day of Sanogo's arrest last week. "With Sanogo's arrest this morning, these events have reached their logical conclusion. When he was elected last summer, IBK was commonly perceived as Sanogo's ally; he had even been described as "the junta's candidate. Rather than attack his supposed ally head-on, Mali's president has been biding his time, incrementally ratcheting up the pressure on the junta."
In Bamako, the mothers, widows, sisters and daughters of the missing soldiers gathered at the barracks of the Red Beret. The women had made a list of the names of 26 of their soldiers who they say were disappeared by Sanogo. Some said they were relieved by the discovery.
"For two years now, we have been telling people that our Red Beret soldiers are missing, that there is a mass grave behind Kati. But no one believed us," said a relative of the missing men, Sagara Bintou Maiga. "Finally today the truth has exploded into the light. Now we are here to ask for justice."
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Callimachi contributed to this report from Dakar, Senegal.
