KEY POINTS:
When Joseph, a Christian member of the Dinka tribe, was 12 he saw his mother killed and his sister raped and shot dead in front of him by pro-Sudanese government militia, who attacked his village in southern Sudan.
He himself, he says, was abducted and sold to a businessman in Western Sudan - as part of a policy of slavery encouraged by Khartoum as a means of curbing the rebel Sudan People's Liberation Movement.
He says he was underfed, regularly beaten, addressed only as "slave" and that his owner tried forcibly to convert him to Islam.
When an anti-slavery organisation bought his freedom after two years and took him to Khartoum, he came under the security services' scrutiny for helping forced converts to revert to Christianity.
Having fled to Cairo but then arrested and imprisoned twice for SPLM activity, he says, in September 2005 he had a fingernail removed and his arms and back burned - and his life threatened - by Egyptian interrogators acting under Sudanese security service supervision.
It's hardly surprising, then, that Joseph was relieved to cross the border from Egypt into Israel last summer, into the hands of friendly soldiers and police who ensured he had a medical check-up before bringing him to this remote desert jail close to the Egyptian border. Or that he should now be highly alarmed at the prospect of being deported back to Egypt.
Joseph, a brave man, has given us his real name, but we have disguised it in deference to the strong wishes of the UN High Commission for Refugees which fears for the safety of people like him if they are deported back to Egypt.
As it is, he has no doubt about the fate that awaits him in Egypt or Sudan if he is deported from Israel, which, under current government policy, he may well be. "If they send me back to Egypt I am dead," he said. "They are looking for me."
Joseph, who is no longer detained and worked for a spell in a hotel in the coastal Red Sea resort of Eilat, is one of around 1400 Sudanese refugees whose future has prompted growing heart-searching in the country, especially since most of the 50 Africans forcibly sent back across the border to Egypt late last Saturday night after arriving in the country earlier in the day were from Sudan, including Darfur. The Association of Civil Rights in Israel strongly condemned the Government's decision to deport "African refugees and asylum seekers ... without following the internationally recognised procedures for determining whether they are refugees".
The Government insists it has assurances about the safety of the refugees from President Hosni Mubarak but faith in this was shaken by an Israeli soldier who described on TV seeing Egyptian troops shooting dead four Sudanese refugees trying to escape across the border into Israel at the end of last month.
In one sense Joseph's misfortune is that he is not from Darfur. For while saying that it will send back all Africans - including Darfuris - who cross the border illegally from now on whatever their status, it has pledged to absorb the 500 from Darfur who were already in the country. But even that pledge has not been extended to the other Sudanese refugees.
Joseph points out that there has been a fresh spate of killings by government-backed militias in southern Sudan - where the two-year-old peace agreement remains deeply unstable - and adds: "Everyone talks about Darfur but not about the south of Sudan. We were the first to be in this war between Muslims and Christians. They are calling it a holy war and say they will go to heaven if they kill us."
Israel's proximity to Sudan's northern neighbour cannot disguise the fact that other Western countries have shown marked resistance to African asylum seekers, including Britain where a Channel Four documentary this year highlighted a Sudanese refugee who had been tortured after being deported. But Israel's own history has inevitably lent an especial resonance to the debate.
Professor Yehuda Bauer, one of the country's foremost Holocaust scholars, is scornful of Egyptian assurances and has no doubt that Israel has a duty to absorb all the Sudanese refugees.
He strongly agrees that the southern Sudanese are also fleeing genocide and adds: "The numbers are not large and there are 100,000 illegal immigrants from places like Thailand and Romania in Tel Aviv."
Recalling periods of rejection of Jewish refugees from Nazism by other European countries, including Britain, he says: "We are shooting ourselves in the foot by doing what others did to us in the past."
Here in Khetziot, where 120 women and children are kept apart from their men, prison warders have made every effort to make the refugees as comfortable as possible in their four-bunk huts. With good health care, the refugees are clearly healthy and relatively relaxed after their previous lives.
Cheerful Disney-style pictures are painted on the walls and prison education staff are trying to work out how to implement the directive that the children need to go to school as long as they are here.
But it is still a jail. "I like it in Israel," says Agnes Sampson, 20, another Christian from south Sudan.
"But not here. I want to work."
Darfuri Zahra Adel, 24, with three children, left home nine years ago for Khartoum and then fled to Egypt after her husband was arrested. Saying that Egypt - where the couple encountered continued racism - was even worse, she is frightened of ever having to go back to Khartoum where most refugee agencies agree it is not safe for Darfuris to return.
"I only want to go back when it is safe," she says.
Mark Regev, spokesman of the foreign ministry, says that it is precisely because of the sensitivities of Israel's own history that it has decided to absorb the 500 Darfuri refugees who are fleeing what is internationally accepted as genocide in Darfur.
But defending the decision to send back new refugees after a big increase in the past few weeks, he adds: "Israel is a small country, and it can't be the only answer."
Avishai Pinchas, a Messianic Jew, says he told a hostile neighbour: "We forget that 60 years ago some Christians went to jail or went to their deaths for helping Jews. Don't tell me now that we don't need these people here."
- Independent
