In follow-up interviews after the poll, some respondents described Snowden as a criminal and an attention-seeker. Others called him a whistleblower. But many agree that his disclosures have highlighted the once-remote issue of government surveillance.
"It's not surprising this was going on, but I think all these revelations brought it home to people," said Sam Thomas, a former musician from Knoxville, Tennessee. "This is the eroding of American rights as we used to know it."
Not until Snowden's leaks was the massive NSA trawling of domestic telephone numbers, and their calling patterns, and the agency's collection of Americans' Internet user names, IP addresses and other metadata swept up in surveillance of foreign terror suspects confirmed and detailed. The new poll sought to measure the public's views on the revealed NSA activities, and it also tracked Americans' shifting opinions over time.
President Barack Obama has sought to reassure Americans that the government's data collection does not extend to the contents of their phone calls and text messages. "Nobody is listening to your phone calls," he said after the first wave of disclosures in June. He added: "They are not looking at people's names, and they're not looking at content."
But a majority of Americans appear doubtful. Some 56 percent oppose the NSA's collection of telephone records for future investigations even though they do not include actual conversations. And 54 percent oppose the government's collection and retention of Internet metadata for future investigations that avoids actual email contents; only 34 percent favor such efforts.
Even stronger majorities oppose unauthorized government surveillance of phone calls and Internet mail traffic within the U.S. As many as 71 percent do not want officials eavesdropping on U.S. phone calls without court warrants; 62 percent oppose collection of the contents of Americans' emails without warrants.
Donald Sigley, who works in freight logistics, said he is skeptical but is willing to cut the government some slack as long as they show good faith in ensuring the surveillance programs do not veer out of control.
"This is sensitive information and it could come back and bite somebody down the road," Sigley said. He is fine with the government's intrusion into some forms of personal data, but says he would feel safer with strong oversight and the strict use of court warrants. "I do worry about what they'll do with it in the future."
Even before Snowden's revelations, many Americans put a premium on privacy and civil liberties. The 2011 AP-NORC Center poll showed just 40 percent felt that the government did a good job in protecting their privacy. That dropped to 34 percent in this year's survey.
Americans are divided on whether the government ought to prove its intelligence operations abide by civil rights protections. Fifty-one percent of people polled said it is more important to keep the details of those programs secret, but 43 percent preferred to have proof that civil rights have not been violated.
Civil liberties advocates say they have seen a sharp rise in public interest in their causes in recent months after years of lukewarm support.
"For the first time, the public is able to see what's going on behind closed doors and it's changing minds," said Trevor Timm, a staffer with the Electronic Frontier Foundation, which has sued the government to obtain secret documents on surveillance.
Obama administration officials have openly acknowledged public discontent. During a Senate Judiciary Committee hearing Monday on oversight of the NSA's surveillance programs, NSA General Counsel Robert S. Litt said the agency would consider changes that "provide greater public confidence."
The AP-NORC Center survey was conducted Aug. 12-29, 2013 by NORC at the University of Chicago. It involved landline and cellphone interviews in English or Spanish with 1,008 adults nationwide. Results from the full survey have a margin of sampling error of plus or minus 4.0 percentage points.
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Associated Press News Survey Specialist Dennis Junius contributed to this story.
Online: AP-NORC Center: http://www.apnorc.org
