Four of Imtiaz Jalbani's six children contracted HIV. His two youngest, 14-month-old Rida and 3-year-old Sameena, have died. Photo / Mustafa Hussain, The New York Times
Nearly 900 children in the small Pakistani city of Ratodero were bedridden early this year with raging fevers that resisted treatment. Parents were frantic, with everyone seeming to know a family with a sick child.
In April, the disease was pinned down and the diagnosis was devastating: The city was the epicenter of an HIV outbreak that overwhelmingly affected children. Health officials initially blamed the outbreak on a single paediatrician, saying he was reusing syringes.
Since then, about 1,100 citizens have tested positive for the virus, or one in every 200 residents. Almost 900 are younger than 12. Health officials believe the real numbers are probably much higher, as only a fraction of the population has been tested so far.
Gulbahar Shaikh, the local journalist who broke the news of the epidemic to residents of his city and the nation in April, watched as his neighbours and relatives rushed to clinics to line up and test for the virus.
When officials descended on Ratodero to investigate, they discovered that many of the infected children had gone to the same paediatrician, Muzaffar Ghanghro, who served the city's poorest families and appeared to be at the centre of the outbreak.
Shaikh panicked — that was his children's paediatrician. He rushed his family to be tested, and his 2-year-old daughter was confirmed to have the virus, which is the cause of AIDS.
"It was devastating," said Shaikh, a 44-year-old television journalist in Ratodero, a city of 200,000 whose residents are some of Pakistan's poorest, with high illiteracy rates.
Ghanghro was the cheapest option in this city, charging 20 cents a visit for the many parents here who earn less than US$60 ($95) a month.
The paediatrician treated all six of Imtiaz Jalbani's children, four of whom contracted HIV. His two youngest, 14-month-old Rida and 3-year-old Sameena, have died.
Jalbani, a labourer, said he first grew alarmed when he saw Ghanghro rummage through the trash for a syringe to use on Ali, his 6-year-old son, who is also infected. When Jalbani protested, he said, Ghanghro snapped at him and told him he was using an old syringe because Jalbani was too poor to pay for a new one.
"He said, 'If you don't want my treatment, go to another doctor,'" Jalbani said. "My wife and I had to starve ourselves to pay for the medicine."
Ghanghro was arrested and charged by the police with negligence, manslaughter and causing unintentional harm. But he has not yet been convicted, and in an interview with The New York Times, he insisted he is innocent and has never reused syringes.
The doctor recently renewed his medical certificate and now works as a general practitioner at a government hospital on the outskirts of Ratodero, despite laws that make the reuse of syringes an offense that is not eligible for bail.
Health officials now say that Ghanghro is unlikely to be the sole cause of the outbreak. Visiting health workers saw many cases of doctors reusing syringes and IV needles. Barbers take the same razor to the faces of multiple customers, they said, and roadside dentists crack away at patients' teeth on sidewalks with unsterilised tools.
Such unhygienic practices are prevalent across Pakistan and probably the leading cause of the country's surging rates of HIV infection, according to health officials. But Ratodero is so poor that such practices are likely to be much more common, as residents struggle to make ends meet and scrimp wherever they can.
At first, the government was slow to respond to Ratodero's outbreak and barely had the resources to test residents and treat the sick. Teams of international health workers from various countries came to the city to help and the World Health Organization donated hundreds of testing kits.
Testing centers were set up in government buildings, while dozens of yellow tents sprouted up across the city to deal with the influx of terrified residents eager to be tested.
Still, with not even a quarter of the city's population yet tested for the virus, officials are dreading that the real number of infected is much higher than the 1,112 confirmed cases so far.
The daughter of Shaikh, the journalist, has become an outcast in the community, he said. Education about the virus is sparse and many fear contracting it by touch. Relatives will not hug the girl and other children will not play with her.
At school, the sick children are segregated from the healthy, forced to sit on one side of the classroom.
"My wife and I, fortunately, we are literate. We hug and love our daughter. But our relatives stopped touching her and are now reluctant to visit us," said Shaikh, whose daughter is now responding well to treatment.
Five months on, the panic of the outbreak still hangs over Ratodero. Doctors and paramedics are struggling to cope with the number of HIV-positive patients, while residents are still lining up to be tested.
Farzana Bibi was one of those waiting in a long line that snaked hundreds of yards out the door of a government hospital. She had just had her 3-year-old son tested after he had run a fever for three months, and doctors had confirmed that he was HIV-positive. She held his hand as they waited in line to receive medicine for his treatment, a desperate frown on her face.
"It seems it is God's affliction on us," she said. "How could so many of our children have such a terrible disease?"
The outbreak in Ratodero reflects a nationwide uptick in HIV cases, despite a global decline of new infections.
From 2010 to 2018, the number of HIV-positive people in Pakistan nearly doubled, to about 160,000, according to estimates by UNAIDS, the United Nations task force that specialises in HIV and AIDS. During that time, the number of new infections jumped 38% in those 15 to 24.
The real number is likely higher; much of the population goes untested, while only about 10% of people thought to be HIV-positive are being treated.
The country spends very little on its efforts to counter HIV and AIDS and is nearly entirely dependent on support from other countries for its programs, whether for funding to staff testing centers or to provide retroviral drugs to counter the virus.
"With competing priorities, HIV and AIDS is at the back seat of the government's agenda," said Maria Elena Filio-Borromeo, the UNAIDS director for Pakistan and Afghanistan.
Since 2003, there have been eight HIV outbreaks in Pakistan. And Ratodero had been the site of one before: In 2016, an outbreak hit some 1,500 adult men who had engaged in sex with infected prostitutes, officials said.
But this year's outbreak in Ratodero is the first time that children have been the most frequent victims on such a large scale, Filio-Borromeo said.
To counter the outbreak, Pakistani authorities in May began shutting down the clinics of unqualified doctors and illegal blood banks — many of which were found to be reusing syringes. Months later, however, some of those clinics had since reopened, locals say.
"Unless these quack doctors, barbers and dentists are not checked, the number of incidents of HIV infection will continue going up," said Dr. Imran Akbar Arbani, a local doctor, who had tipped off Shaikh about the outbreak as he also alerted government authorities.
In February, Arbani started noticing dozens of children coming to his office with persistent fevers, from newborns to 8-year-olds.
"In Pakistan, the government does not act unless there is a national uproar sparked by media coverage," Arbani said, explaining why he was quick to tell Shaikh, the journalist, when he realized the scale of infection.
At least 35 children have died in the area since April 25, according to Arbani.
The effect on Ratodero's social fabric has been grim.
In May, one man strangled his HIV-positive wife to death.
And in June, residents in another town discovered their neighbour tied to a tree by her family, after she had tested positive for the virus. The family said they had bound her to prevent her from spreading the virus to the rest of the town.
After public outcry and police intervention, the family untied her. She now lives in an isolated room in the house, her every movement monitored by her family.
Shaikh said he had sold all his wife's jewelry and borrowed money to afford the treatment his daughter needs.
"But how will the children from very poor families live?" he asked. "At the beginning, there was attention and an outcry, the patients were in the spotlight. Now, they are nearly forgotten."
Written by: Zia ur-Rehman and Maria Abi-Habib
Photographs by: Mustafa Hussain
© 2019 THE NEW YORK TIMES
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