The Datta Khel assault was just one of more than 345 strikes that have hit Pakistan's tribal areas in the past eight years but it reveals an increasingly common tactic now being used in America's covert drone wars - the "double-tap" strike.
While the overall frequency of strikes has fallen since a Nato attack in 2011 killed 24 Pakistani soldiers and strained US-Pakistan relations, initial strikes are now followed up by further missiles in a tactic that lawyers and campaigners say is killing an even greater number of civilians. The tactic has cast such a shadow of fear over strike zones that rescuers often wait for hours before daring to visit the scene of an attack.
"These strikes are becoming much more common," Mirza Shahzad Akbar, a Pakistani lawyer who represents victims of drone strikes, told the Independent.
"In the past it used to be a one-off, every now and then. Now almost every other attack is a double tap. There is no justification for it."
The expanded use of "double-tap" drone strikes is just one of a number of more recent phenomena in the covert war run by the US against violent Islamists and has been documented in a new report by legal experts at Stanford Law School and the New York University School of Law, commissioned by the British-based charity Reprieve, which campaigns against drone strikes.
The product of nine months' research and more than 130 interviews, it is one of the most exhaustive attempts by academics to understand - and evaluate - Washington's drone wars.
Despite assurances the attacks are "surgical", researchers found barely 2 per cent of their victims are known militants and that the idea that the strikes make the world a safer place for the US is "ambiguous at best".
Researchers added that traumatic effects of the strikes go far beyond fatalities, psychologically battering a population which lives under the daily threat of annihilation from the air, and ruining the local economy.
US credibility across the region is suffering, the report says, and there is strong evidence the strategy is making it easier for militant networks to recruit new members. Many of the Waziristan residents interviewed said they had been turned against the US by the drones.
They conclude by calling on Washington to reassess its drone-strike programme or risk alienating the very people America hopes to win over.
They also observe that the strikes set worrying precedents for extra-judicial killings at a time when many nations are building up their arsenals of unmanned weapons.
The Obama Administration is unlikely to heed their demands, given the zeal with which America has expanded its drone programme over the past two years. Reapers and Predators are now active over Somalia and Yemen as well as Pakistan and Afghanistan.
But campaigners like Akbar hope the Stanford/New York University research may start to make an impact on the American public.
"No one in the US wants to listen to a Pakistani lawyer saying these strikes are wrong. But they might listen to American academics."
Reprieve, which is trying to challenge drone strikes in the British, Pakistani and American courts, said the report detailed how the fallout from the extra-judicial strikes must be measured in terms of more than deaths and injuries alone.
"An entire region is being terrorised by the constant threat of death from the skies," said Reprieve's director, Clive Stafford Smith.
"Their way of life is collapsing: kids are too terrified to go to school, adults are afraid to attend weddings, funerals, business meetings or anything that involves gathering in groups."
Some of the most harrowing personal testimonies involve those who have witnessed "double-tap" strikes.
Researchers said that people in Waziristan - the tribal area where most of the strikes take place - are "acutely aware of reports of the practice of follow-up strikes", and explained that the secondary strikes have discouraged ordinary civilians from coming to one another's rescue.
One interviewee, describing a strike on his in-laws' home, said a follow-up missile killed would-be rescuers.
"Other people came to check what had happened; they were looking for the children in the beds and then a second drone strike hit those people."
A father of four, who lost one of his legs in a drone strike, admitted: "We and other people are so scared of drone attacks now that when there is a drone strike, for two or three hours nobody goes close to [the location of the strike]. We don't know who [the victims] are, whether they are young or old, because we try to be safe."
'My father's body was scattered in pieces'
Waleed Shiraz was studying for a BA before he was injured by a strike. "My father was asleep ... and I was studying near by ... [When we got hit, my] father's body was scattered in pieces and he died immediately, but I was unconscious for three to four days ... [Since then], I am disabled. My legs have become so weak and skinny that I am not able to walk."
'The villagers brought us the news.'
Khairullah Jan's brother was killed in a drone attack. "I was ... going to my house. That's when I heard a drone strike and I felt something in my heart. I thought something had happened, but we didn't get to know until the next day. That's when all the villagers came and brought us news that [my brother] had been [killed]."
'Children, women, are affected.'
Firoz Ali Khan, a shopkeeper in Miranshah, said: "I have been seeing drones since the first one appeared about four to five years ago ... [We see drones] hovering [24 hours a day but] we don't know when they will strike ... People are afraid of dying ... Children, women, they are all psychologically affected. They look at the sky to see if there are drones ... [They] make such a noise that everyone is scared."
Drone strikes in Pakistan
Overall: 2 per cent of those killed in drone strikes were "high-level" targets.
2562 to 3325 total deaths from drones between June 2004 and September 2012.
474 to 881 of that number were civilians.
Taken from the Stanford-NYU report Living Under Drones
Under Barack Obama: 282 reported drone strikes since January 2009.
1349 to 2330 estimated militant casualties.
37 to 52 estimated civilian casualties. Does not include victims who were not identified in media reports as either militants or civilians.
Taken from Foreign Policy magazine, Sept 6 Jerome Taylor
- Independent, AFP
