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WASHINGTON - NASA is set to launch a robotic spacecraft next month that will dig into the soil near the northern pole of Mars to check for conditions favourable to microbial life now or in the planet's past.
The Phoenix Mars Lander is due to launch some time between Aug. 3 and Aug. 24 from Florida for a landing on the frigid northern plains of Mars on May 25, 2008, NASA officials and mission scientists said.
The mission is due to last three months. NASA is eyeing a landing site devoid of boulders at a latitude equivalent to northern Alaska on Earth. Scientists expect the lander to operate in temperatures as low as minus 100degC.
It is the latest mission by the US space agency to seek a deeper understanding of Earth's next-door neighbour in the solar system, including whether Mars has ever harboured life.
"I think it's going to be a really exciting mission to the north pole - first time we've been up there -- and I'm really looking forward to this," Doug McCuistion, NASA's Mars exploration programme director, told a news conference.
Assuming it survives a risky descent and landing, the lander will wield a robotic arm 2.3 metres long to dig up to 1 metres deep to get at soil and frozen water thought to be lurking just under the surface, scientists said.
It will rely on a variety of equipment to assess whether this water may provide conditions that could support microbes.
"It's going to analyze the water," said Bobby Fogel, a NASA scientist. "It's going to get its chemical composition, its physical properties, and try to tell us something about the history of water on Mars and potential habitability for microbes on Mars."
The robot also will investigate how the water may change the chemistry and mineralogy of the soil, scientists said.
The Phoenix Mars Lander, with its solar panels unfurled, measures about 5.5 metres wide and 1.5 metres long.
Its mission is part of what the US space agency calls a "follow the water" strategy for exploring Mars. Water is considered a key ingredient for life. Many scientists believe dry and desolate Mars was once far wetter, with evidence of bygone oceans, hot springs and other bodies of water.
Two small rovers still operating elsewhere on the Martian surface also are investigating the history of water on Mars.
The lander's arm will hoist soil and water samples to two instruments. One examines soil chemistry. The other heats up soil and water to check for things like carbon-based chemicals seen as crucial building blocks for life.
Peter Smith of the University of Arizona, principal investigator for the mission, said the equipment can detect organic materials. "We can't tell whether it's DNA or proteins, but we can tell they're complex organics," Smith said.
Unlike the rovers that survived the descent to the Martian surface with the help of air bags to cushion the landing, NASA will attempt the first "soft landing" on Mars in three decades with the Phoenix Mars Lander.
It will use a heat shield to slow its entry from space, and then a parachute will further slow its descent to about 217kmh. The lander will then free itself from the parachute and fire rocket engines to slow to about 8.8kmh before landing on three legs, NASA said.
- REUTERS
