"She will release the Defence White Paper later this year, defining our key national security priorities," he told reporters in Canberra.
Senator Payne thanked people for their well wishes, tweeting she was incredibly honoured to take over the defence portfolio.
Ms O'Dwyer's promotion as the first woman ever to sit in cabinet in a treasury portfolio was welcomed from across the chamber, with Labor MP Clare O'Neil tweeting her sincere congratulations.
Opposition Leader Bill Shorten welcomed the overall, "overdue increase in the number of women in the cabinet".
"This is a good development," he told reporters in Melbourne.
Queensland Liberal MP Teresa Gambaro, who has campaigned to get more women into the Liberal Party, believes Mr Turnbull has got the balance of his new ministry "exactly right".
"It is a highly talented and innovative team that will focus on Australia's future", she said in a statement.
The revamped ministry will be sworn in on Monday morning.