The Hope probe. The United Arab Emirates is sending a spacecraft to Mars. Illustration /MBRSC, AP
The Hope probe. The United Arab Emirates is sending a spacecraft to Mars. Illustration /MBRSC, AP
Mars is about to be invaded by planet Earth — big time.
Three countries — the United States, China and the United Arab Emirates — are sending unmanned spacecraft to the red planet in quick succession beginning this week, in the most sweeping effort yet to seek signs of ancient microscopic life while scouting out the place for future astronauts.
The US, for its part, is dispatching a six-wheeled rover the size of a car, named Perseverance, to collect rock samples that will be brought back to Earth for analysis in about a decade.
"Right now, more than ever, that name is so important," Nasa Administrator Jim Bridenstine said as preparations went on amid the coronavirus outbreak, which will keep the launch guest list to a minimum.
Each spacecraft will travel more than 483 million km before reaching Mars next February.
It takes six to seven months, at the minimum, for a spacecraft to loop out beyond Earth's orbit and sync up with Mars' more distant orbit around the sun.
A Mars lander is lifted during a test for its hovering, obstacle avoidance and deceleration capabilities at a facility at Huailai in China's Hebei province. Photo / AP file
Scientists want to know what Mars was like billions of years ago when it had rivers, lakes and oceans that may have allowed simple, tiny organisms to flourish before the planet morphed into the barren, wintry desert world it is today.
"Trying to confirm that life existed on another planet, it's a tall order. It has a very high burden of proof," said Perseverance's project scientist, Ken Farley of Caltech in Pasadena, California.
The three nearly simultaneous launches are no coincidence: The timing is dictated by the opening of a one-month window in which Mars and Earth are in ideal alignment on the same side of the sun, which minimises travel time and fuel use. Such a window opens only once every 26 months.
Mars has long exerted a powerful hold on the imagination but has proved to be the graveyard for numerous missions. Spacecraft have blown up, burned up or crash-landed, with the casualty rate over the decades exceeding 50 per cent. China's last attempt, in collaboration with Russia in 2011, ended in failure.
Only the US has successfully put a spacecraft on Mars, doing it eight times, beginning with the twin Vikings in 1976. Two Nasa landers are now operating there, Insight and Curiosity. Six other spacecraft are exploring the planet from orbit: three US, two European and one from India.
Engineers monitor a driving test for the Mars rover Perseverance in a clean room at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena, California. Photo / Nasa, AP file
The United Arab Emirates and China are looking to join the elite club.
The UAE spacecraft, named Amal, which is Arabic for Hope, is an orbiter scheduled to rocket away from Japan tomorrow, weather permitting, on what will be the Arab world's first interplanetary mission. There was a chance of delay because of bad weather.
The spacecraft, built in partnership with the University of Colorado Boulder, will arrive at Mars in the year the UAE marks the 50th anniversary of its founding.
"The UAE wanted to send a very strong message to the Arab youth," project manager Omran Sharaf said. "The message here is that if the UAE can reach Mars in less than 50 years, then you can do much more. ... The nice thing about space, it sets the standards really high."
Controlled from Dubai, the celestial weather station will strive for an exceptionally high Martian orbit of 22,000km by 44,000km to study the upper atmosphere and monitor climate change.
China will be up next, with the flight of a rover and an orbiter sometime around July 23; Chinese officials aren't divulging much. The mission is named Tianwen, or Questions for Heaven.
Nasa is shooting for a launch on July 30 from Cape Canaveral.
Perseverance is set to touch down in an ancient river delta and lake known as Jezero Crater. China's much smaller rover will aim for an easier, flatter target.
Hazza Al Mansouri: the UAE’s milestone Mars mission will inspire children for generations to come https://t.co/wOehI4CjTG
To reach the surface, both spacecraft will have to plunge through Mars' hazy red skies in what has been dubbed "seven minutes of terror" — the most difficult and riskiest part of putting spacecraft on the planet.
Jezero Crater is full of boulders, cliffs, sand dunes and depressions, any one of which could end Perseverance's mission. Brand-new guidance and parachute-triggering technology will help steer the craft away from hazards.
Ground controllers will be helpless, given the 10 minutes it takes radio transmissions to travel one-way between Earth and Mars.
Jezero Crater is worth the risks, according to scientists who chose it over 60 other potential sites.
Where there was water — and Jezero was apparently flush with it 3.5 billion years ago — there may have been life, though it was probably only simple microbial life, existing perhaps in a slimy film at the bottom of the crater. But those microbes may have left telltale marks in the sediment layers.
Perseverance will hunt for rocks containing such biological signatures, if they exist. It will drill into the most promising rocks and store samples in dozens of titanium tubes that will eventually be fetched by another rover.
To prevent Earth microbes from contaminating the samples, the tubes are super-sterilised, guaranteed germ-free by Adam Stelzner, chief engineer for the mission at Nasa's Jet Propulsion Laboratory in Pasadena.
While prowling the surface, Perseverance as well as China's rover will peek below, using radar to locate any underground pools of water that might exist. Perseverance will also release a spindly, 1.8kg helicopter that will be the first rotorcraft ever to fly on another planet.
Perseverance's cameras will shoot colour video of the rover's descent, providing humanity's first look at a parachute billowing open at Mars, while microphones capture the sounds.
Mars missions: A helicopter, two new rovers and a spacecraft guided by the stars https://t.co/qIbFBVpSoe
The rover will also attempt to produce oxygen from the carbon dioxide in the thin Martian atmosphere. Extracted oxygen could someday be used by astronauts on Mars for breathing as well as for making rocket propellant.
Nasa wants to return astronauts to the moon by 2024 and send them from there to Mars in the 2030s. To that end, the space agency is sending samples of spacesuit material with Perseverance to see how they stand up against the harsh Martian environment.
The tab for Perseverance's mission, including the flight and a minimum two years of Mars operations, is close to US$3 billion. The UAE's project costs US$200 million, including the launch but not mission operations. China has not disclosed its costs.
Europe and Russia dropped plans to send a life-seeking rover to Mars this year after falling behind in testing and then getting slammed by Covid-19.
