The impact of sanctions has been felt by vendors in the main bazaar in Tehran. Photo / AP
The impact of sanctions has been felt by vendors in the main bazaar in Tehran. Photo / AP
As the United States piles sanction after sanction on Iran, it's the average person who feels it the most.
From a subway performer's battered leather hat devoid of tips, to a bride-to-be's empty purse, the lack of cash from the economic pressure facing Iran's 80 million people can be seen everywhere.
Many blame US President Donald Trump and his maximalist policy on Iran, which has seen him pull out of Tehran's 2015 nuclear deal with world powers and levy punishing US sanctions on the country.
But alongside Trump, many Iranians blame their own Government, which has careened from one economic disaster to another since its Islamic Revolution 40 years ago.
"The economic war is a reality and people are under extreme pressure," said Shiva Keshavarz, a 22-year-old accountant soon to be married.
She said government leaders "keep telling us to be strong and endure the pressures, but we can already hear the sound of our bones breaking".
Walking by any money exchange shop is a dramatic reminder of the hardships most people are facing. At the time of the nuclear deal, Iran's currency traded at 32,000 rials to US$1. Today, the numbers listed in exchange shop windows have skyrocketed — it costs over 130,000 rials for US$1.
Inflation is over 37 per cent, according to government statistics. More than 3 million people, or 12 per cent of working-age citizens, are unemployed. That rate doubles for educated youth.
Depreciation and inflation make everything more expensive — from fruits and vegetables to tyres and oil, all the way to the big-ticket items, like mobile phones. A simple cell phone is about two months' salary for the average government worker, while a single iPhone costs 10 months' salary.
"When importing mobile phones into the country is blocked, dealers have to smuggle them in with black market dollar rates and sell them for expensive prices," said Pouria Hassani, a mobile phone salesman in Tehran. "You can't expect us to buy expensive and sell cheap to customers. We don't want to make a loss either."
Hossein Rostami, a 33-year-old motorbike taxi driver and deliveryman, said the price of brake pads alone had jumped fivefold.
"The cause of our problems is the officials' incompetence," he told the Associated Press as fellow motorbike drivers called out for passengers in Tehran. "Our country is full of wealth and riches."
A young worker takes a break on his cart at the old main bazaar in Tehran. Photo / AP
The riches part is true — Iran is home to the world's fourth-largest proven reserve of crude oil and holds the world's second-largest proven reserve of natural gas, after Russia.
But under Trump's maximum-pressure campaign, the US has cut off Iran's ability to sell crude on the global market, and threatened to sanction any nation that purchases it. Oil covers a third of the US$80 billion ($120.4b) a year the Government spends in Iran, meaning that a fall in oil revenues cuts into its social welfare programmes, as well as its military expenditures.
The rest of the country's budget comes from taxes and non-oil exports, among them oil-based petrochemical products that provide up to 50 per cent of Iran's US$45b in non-oil export.
In Tehran's Laleh park, retired school teacher Zahra Ghasemi criticised the Government for blaming "every problem" on US sanctions.
She says she has trouble paying for her basic livelihood. The price of a bottle of milk has doubled, along with that of vegetables and fruit.
"We are dying under these pressures and a lack of solutions from officials," Ghasemi said.
Years of popular frustration with failed economic policies triggered protests in late 2017, which early the following year spiralled into anti-government demonstrations across dozens of cities and towns.
The current problems take root in Iran's faltering efforts to privatise its state-planned economy after the devastating war with Iraq in the 1980s, which saw 1 million people killed.
Oil Minister Bijan Zanganeh said this month that the crunch on oil exports is hitting harder today than during the 1980s war, when Saddam Hussein's forces targeted Iran's oil trade.
Still, many Iranians pin the economic crisis on corruption as much as anything else.
"Our problem is the embezzlers and thieves in the Government," said Nasrollah Pazouki, who has sold clothes in Tehran's Grand Bazaar since before the 1979 Islamic Revolution. "When people come to power, instead of working sincerely and seriously for the people, we hear and read after a few months in newspapers that they have stolen billions and fled."
Sanctions do cause some of the problems, said Jafar Mousavi, who runs a dry-goods store in Tehran. But many of the woes are self-inflicted from rampant graft, he said.
"The economic war is not from outside of our borders but within the country," Mousavi said. "If there was integrity among our Government, producers and people, we could have overcome the pressures."
Yet people come and go each day to work on Tehran's crowded metro, seemingly earning less each day for the same work. In one train car, Abbas Feayouji and his son Rahmat play mournful-sounding traditional love songs known as Sultan-e Ghalbha, or King of Hearts in Farsi.
"People pay less than before," said the elder Feayouji, a 47-year-old father of three, as he took a short break to speak to the AP. "I don't know why they do, but it shows people have less money than before."
