Zakharova's colleague in the foreign ministry, Konstantin Dolgov, who holds the title of commissioner on democracy and human rights, called the U.S. sanctions "counterproductive" and cast them as having "the goal of damaging relations and complicating their restoration in the future."
Whatever retaliation Moscow is considering will have to take into account the possibility that the Trump administration will want to restore the relationship that has foundered on differences over Syria, Russia's annexation of Crimea, the Kremlin's proxy war in Ukraine, and finally, the alleged hacking of on behalf of Trump in the U.S. presidential campaign.
Peskov told reporters on Thursday that the steps showed President Obama's "unpredictable and aggressive foreign policy": "Such steps of the U.S. administration that has three weeks left to work are aimed at two things: to further harm Russian-American ties, which are at a low point as it is, as well as, obviously, deal a blow on the foreign policy plans of the incoming administration of the president-elect."
Konstantin Kosachyov, a senior member of the upper house of the Russian parliament, suggested that Moscow will have to weigh its response given the possible reaction of the newly elected president.
The sanctions, he said in comments carried by Interfax, represented not the will of the United States as a whole, but "the agony of political corpses of the outgoing administration."
That said, the history of diplomatic expulsions suggest that, at the very least, Russia will throw out a similar number of U.S. embassy personnel. Zakharova and others have long warned of an "asymmetrical" response to any possible sanctions over the hacking allegations, so other expulsions are possible.
Putin repeatedly denied Russian involvement in the U.S. election despite the accusations from the White House, and the Kremlin has questioned the evidence for the claims. In his nationally broadcast marathon news conference last week, Putin borrowed some of President-elect Donald Trump's dismissive rhetoric, remarking about the hacking that "Maybe it was someone lying on the couch who did it."
The Democratic Party, Putin said, is "losing on all fronts and looking elsewhere for things to blame. In my view, this, how shall I say it, degrades their own dignity. You have to know how to lose with dignity."
U.S. analysts say Putin's animus against Hillary Clinton are a likely explanation for the Kremlin's desire to harm her campaign for the presidency, but contempt for Obama's White House has also grown in recent months, after the administration shut down all contacts with the Kremlin.
Putin in October issued a striking manifesto of changes he expected the United States to make, including reimbursement for Ukraine sanctions, as a precondition for restoring relations.
More recently, Russia has pursued peace negotiations in Syria, culminating in a ceasefire deal Putin announced Thursday that pointedly excluded the Obama administration.
But the sanctions didn't dampen expectations in Moscow that better times were soon to come.
"None of this will change the results of the election of the American president, and in January, the rightful owner of the White House will be Donald Trump," Dolgov said. "I expect that with his arrival the dialogue between Russia and the United States will be conducted in a more healthy political atmosphere."
