Prosecutors allege that Antinori, 70, who had met the woman by chance, set up a job interview and later diagnosed the ovarian cyst with the sole intention of harvesting her eggs without her knowledge.
The woman says she had her mobile phone taken from her before being placed under anaesthetic and operated on without her consent.
She believed she was only going to be treated by injection for the cyst, according to her lawyer.
Antinori's lawyers described the charges as "absurd". Prosecutors are also working on the hypothesis that this may not be an isolated case.
"The arrest of Severino Antinori is extremely serious because it indicates the existence of a market in eggs that will not stop at anything," said Donata Lenzi, an Italian politician from prime minister's Democratic Party.
The gynaecologist was also involved in the treatment of Patricia Rashbrook, who became Britain's oldest mother when she had a boy in 2006 at the age of 62.
- with AP