A Muslim woman holding her child checks if their names are included in the National Register of Citizens at a draft centre in Mayoung, India. Photos / AP
A Muslim woman holding her child checks if their names are included in the National Register of Citizens at a draft centre in Mayoung, India. Photos / AP
An estimated four million people living in a border area of India have been left off a controversial citizenship list designed stem the flood of illegal immigrants from neighbouring Bangladesh, the majority of them Muslim.
Indian authorities published the final draft of their National Register of Citizens for the state of Assam, a largely agrarian state of 33 million that shares a border with Muslim-majority Bangladesh and Bhutan and that has wrestled with a tide of illegal immigration for decades.
Since 2015, Assam has been undergoing a Supreme Court-monitored update of its citizen rolls.
Officials at both at the state and national levels stressed that the list was merely a final draft and residents have time to appeal their citizenship cases.
Those whose names do not appear on the list will not be immediately deported or placed in temporary camps, the officials said. Security forces were nonetheless beefed up in case violence breaks out.
"No genuine Indian citizens should have any fear or panic," Sarbananda Sonowal, the state's Chief Minister, said at a news conference. Sonowal founded his political career in a student movement against illegal immigration decades ago.
But the draft does raise the question of where migrants will go after the numbers are finalised; Bangladesh's Government does not acknowledge them as citizens. Amnesty International India issued a statement of concern that the process could render a "significant number" of people stateless.
"I'm worried about my future," said Saleha Begum, 40, a Barpeta resident who was born in Assam but was not on the list. "My parents were born here. We have all the documents. Still, my family's names are not on the list. I'm scared. I don't know if the police will put us into a detention centre or deport us to Bangladesh."
India's move to manage the problem of its illegal immigrants comes as countries around the world are cracking down on refugee movements and the United States is waging a major campaign against an influx from Central America, including recent moves to separate migrant children from their parents.
Assam has grappled with its population of illegal migrants for decades, a problem that worsened in 1971, when Bangladesh - then East Pakistan - waged a war of independence from Pakistan, sparking a flood of refugees into India. The state endured six years of violent anti-immigration protests in the late 1980s and early '90s.
A Muslim man sits near security personnel as he arrives to check if his name is included in the register at Mayoung.
Over the years, hostility between migrants and the natives of the state - nearly half of whom speak the regional language of Assamese - has deepened. The ranks of illegal migrants, who sneak over the country's marshy borders with relative ease - have grown, as have fears that they are bringing extremism with them.
Assam's Muslim population grew faster than the national average - from about 31 to 34 per cent between 2001 and 2011, compared to 13.4 to 14.2 per cent nationally during that period, according to census figures.
The movement to clarify the status of Assam's citizens gained momentum when the governing party of India's Hindu nationalist Prime Minister, Narendra Modi, took control of the state in 2016. Modi had vowed on the campaign trail that all Bangladeshis would have to leave Assam, "bag and baggage."
Residents have been asked to prove their citizenship by providing documents that show they or their family lived in India before March 24, 1971. Those left off the list have until September 28 to submit objection or correction forms.
A retired junior officer of the Indian Army, Mohammed Azmal Haque, also learned that he was excluded from the list despite his lengthy military career.
"I'm extremely hurt. Even after serving the nation, this is what I got?" he said. "If this can happen to me, what will be the plight of the common man?"
