A bottle of unidentified traditional Chinese medicine in Urumqi, China. Photo / AP
A bottle of unidentified traditional Chinese medicine in Urumqi, China. Photo / AP
When police arrested the middle-aged Uighur woman at the height of China's coronavirus outbreak, she was crammed into a cell with dozens of other women in a detention centre.
There, she said, she was forced to drink a medicine that made her feel weak and nauseous, guards watching as she gulped. She and the others also had to strip naked once a week and cover their faces as guards hosed them and their cells down with disinfectant "like firemen," she said.
"It was scalding," recounted the woman by phone from Xinjiang, declining to be named out of fear of retribution. "My hands were ruined, my skin was peeling."
The government in China's far northwest Xinjiang region is resorting to draconian measures to combat the coronavirus, including physically locking residents in homes, imposing quarantines of more than 40 days and arresting those who do not comply.
Furthermore, in what experts call a breach of medical ethics, some residents are being coerced into swallowing traditional Chinese medicine, according to government notices, social media posts and interviews with three people in quarantine in Xinjiang.
People are walking on the street of Xinjiang International Grand Bazaar, China. Photo / Getty Images
There is a lack of rigorous clinical data showing traditional Chinese medicine works against the virus, and one of the herbal remedies used in Xinjiang, Qingfei Paidu, includes ingredients banned in Germany, Switzerland, the US and other countries for high levels of toxins and carcinogens.
The latest gruelling lockdown, now in its 45th day, comes in response to 826 cases reported in Xinjiang since mid-July, China's largest caseload since the initial outbreak. But the Xinjiang lockdown is especially striking because of its severity, and because there hasn't been a single new case of local transmission in over a week.
Harsh lockdowns have been imposed elsewhere in China, most notably in Wuhan in Hubei province, where the virus was first detected. But though Wuhan grappled with over 50,000 cases and Hubei with 68,000 in all, many more than in Xinjiang, residents there weren't forced to take traditional medicine and were generally allowed outdoors within their compounds for exercise or grocery deliveries.
The response to an outbreak of more than 300 cases in Beijing in early June was milder still, with a few select neighbourhoods locked down for a few weeks. In contrast, more than half of Xinjiang's 25 million people are under a lockdown that extends hundreds of miles from the centre of the outbreak in the capital, Urumqi, according to an AP review of government notices and state media reports.
Even as Wuhan and the rest of China has mostly returned to ordinary life, Xinjiang's lockdown is backed by a vast surveillance apparatus that has turned the region into a digital police state. Over the past three years, Xinjiang authorities have swept a million or more Uighurs, Kazakhs and other ethnic minorities into various forms of detention, including extrajudicial internment camps, under a widespread security crackdown.
After being detained for over a month, the Uighur woman was released and locked into her home. Conditions are now better, she told the AP, but she is still under lockdown, despite regular tests showing she is free of the virus.
Once a day, she says, community workers force traditional medicine in white unmarked bottles on her, saying she'll be detained if she doesn't drink them. The AP saw photos of the bottles, which match those in images from another Xinjiang resident and others circulating on Chinese social media.
Authorities say the measures taken are for the well-being of all residents, though they haven't commented on why they are harsher than those taken elsewhere. The Chinese government has struggled for decades to control Xinjiang, at times clashing violently with many of the region's native Uighurs, who resent Beijing's heavy-handed rule.
"The Xinjiang Autonomous Region upheld the principle of people and life first….and guaranteed the safety and health of local people of all ethnic groups," Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs spokesman Zhao Lijian said at a press briefing on Friday.
Xinjiang authorities can carry out the harsh measures, experts say, because of its lavishly funded security apparatus, which by some estimates deploys the most police per capita of anywhere on the planet.
"Xinjiang is a police state, so it's basically martial law," says Darren Byler, a researcher on the Uighurs at the University of Colorado. "They think Uighurs can't really police themselves, they have to be forced to comply in order for a quarantine to be effective."
Not all the recent outbreak measures in Xinjiang are targeted at the Uighurs and other largely Muslim minorities. Some are being enforced on China's majority Han residents in Xinjiang as well, though they are generally spared the extrajudicial detention used against minorities. This month, thousands of Xinjiang residents took to social media to complain about what they called excessive measures against the virus in posts that are often censored, some with images of residents handcuffed to railings and front doors sealed with metal bars.
One Han Chinese woman with the last name of Wang posted photos of herself drinking traditional Chinese medicine in front of a medical worker in full protective gear.
"Why are you forcing us to drink medicine when we're not sick!" she asked in a Aug. 18 post that was swiftly deleted. "Who will take responsibility if there's problems after drinking so much medicine? Why don't we even have the right to protect our own health?"
A few days later she simply wrote: "I've lost all hope. I cry when I think about it."
This August 2020 photo provided by a Uighur person under quarantine shows an unmarked white bottle containing traditional Chinese medicine on a table in Urumqi, China. Photo / AP
After the heavy criticism, the authorities eased some restrictions last week, now allowing some residents to walk in their compounds, and a limited few to leave the region after a bureaucratic approval process.
Wang did not respond to a request for interviews. But her account is in line with many others posted on social media, as well as those interviewed by the AP.
One Han businessman working between Urumqi and Beijing told the AP he was put in quarantine in mid-July. Despite having taken coronavirus tests five times and testing negative each time, he said, the authorities still haven't let him out – not for so much as a walk. When he's complained about his condition online, he said, he's had his posts deleted and been told to stay silent.
"The most terrible thing is silence," he wrote on Chinese social media site Weibo in mid-August. "After a long silence, you will fall into the abyss of hopelessness."
A medical worker swabs throat of a child for nucleic acid testing amid the coronavirus outbreak on August 13 in Urumqi, Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China. Photo / Getty Images
"I've been in this room for so long, I don't remember how long. I just want to forget," he wrote again, days later. "I'm writing out my feelings to reassure myself I still exist. I fear I'll be forgotten by the world."
"I'm falling apart," he told the AP more recently, declining to be named out of fear of retribution.
He, too, is being forced to take Chinese traditional medicine, he said, including liquid from the same unmarked white bottles as the Uighur woman. He is also forced to take Lianhua Qingwen, a herbal remedy seized regularly by US Customs and Border patrol for violating FDA laws by falsely claiming to be effective against Covid-19.
Since the start of the outbreak, the Chinese government has pushed traditional medicine on its population. The remedies are touted by President Xi Jinping, China's nationalist, authoritarian leader, who has advocated a revival of traditional Chinese culture. Although some state-backed doctors say they have conducted trials showing the medicine works against the virus, no rigorous clinical data supporting that claim has been published in international scientific journals.
Photo provided by a Uighur under quarantine shows a bottle of unidentified traditional Chinese medicine in Urumqi, China. Photo / AP
"None of these medicines have been scientifically proven to be effective and safe," said Fang Shimin, a former biochemist and writer known for his investigations of scientific fraud in China who now lives in the United States. "It's unethical to force people, sick or healthy, to take unproven medicines."
When the virus first started spreading, thousands flooded pharmacies in Hubei province searching for traditional remedies after state media promoted their effectiveness against the virus. Packs of pills were tucked into care packages sent to Chinese workers and students overseas, some emblazoned with the Chinese flag, others reading: "The motherland will forever firmly back you up".
But the new measures in Xinjiang forcing some residents to take the medicine is unprecedented, experts say. The government says that the participation rate in traditional Chinese medicine treatment in the region has "reached 100 per cent", according to a state media report. When asked about resident complaints that they were being forced to take Chinese medicine, one local official said it was being done "according to expert opinion."
"We're helping resolve the problems of ordinary people," said Liu Haijiang, the head of Dabancheng district in Urumqi, "like getting their children to school, delivering them medicine or getting them a doctor."
With Xi's ascent, critics of Chinese traditional medicine have fallen silent. In April, an influential Hubei doctor, Yu Xiangdong, was removed from a hospital management position for questioning the efficacy of the remedies, an acquittance confirmed. A government notice online said Yu "openly published inappropriate remarks slandering the nation's epidemic prevention policy and traditional Chinese medicine."
In March, the World Health Organisation removed guidance on its site saying that herbal remedies were not effective against the virus and could be harmful, saying it was "too broad". And in May, the Beijing city government announced a draft law that would criminalise speech "defaming or slandering" traditional Chinese medicine. Now, the government is pushing traditional Chinese remedies as a treatment for Covid-19 overseas, sending pills and specialists to countries such as Iran, Italy, and the Philippines.
Other leaders have also spearheaded unproven and potentially risky remedies – notably US President Donald Trump, who stumped for the malaria drug hydroxychloroquine, which can cause heart rhythm problems, despite no evidence that it's effective against Covid-19. But China appears to be the first to force citizens — at least in Xinjiang — to take them.
Border guards near Kashgar City, Xinjiang Province, China. Photo / Getty Images
The Chinese government's push for traditional medicine is bolstering the fortunes of billionaires and padding state coffers. The family of Wu Yiling, the founder of the company that makes Lianhua Qingwen, has seen the value of their stake more than double in the past six months, netting them over a billion dollars. Also profiting: the Guangdong government, which owns a stake in Wu's company.
"It's a huge waste of money, these companies are making millions," said a public health expert who works closely with the Chinese government, declining to be identified out of fear of retribution. "But then again – why not take it? There's a placebo effect, it's not that harmful. Why bother? There's no point in fighting on this."
Measures vary widely by city and neighbourhood, and not all residents are taking the medication. The Uighur woman says that despite the threats against her, she's flushing the liquid and pills down the toilet. A Han man whose parents are in Xinjiang told the AP that for them, the remedies are voluntary.
Though the measures are "extreme," he says, they're understandable.
"There's no other way if the government wants to control this epidemic," he said, declining to be named to avoid retribution. "We don't want our outbreak to become like Europe or America."
