"I think anybody's health is of concern when it comes to that high office," said Jeremy Dumkrieger, chairman of the Woodbury County, Iowa, Democratic Party, who supported Sanders in 2016 but is neutral so far this year. "You know, if the person was 40 and was having some issues, I'd have concerns about it too."
Sanders headed home Saturday to Burlington, Vermont, with no word on how long he would stay there. Jane Sanders said before his release that he would rest a "few days" but would take part in the Oct. 15 Democratic debate in Westerville, Ohio.
The campaign's decision to wait three days to reveal that Sanders had suffered a heart attack conjured images of Hillary Clinton's collapse in 2016 at a memorial service for the Sept. 11, 2001, terrorist attacks. Clinton, at the time the Democratic presidential nominee, had been diagnosed with pneumonia two days earlier, but her campaign did not reveal that fact until many hours after she had fainted.
Sanders aides revealed that he had experienced chest pains at a campaign event and had undergone a stent procedure to clear an artery blockage.
After he left the hospital, his campaign released a statement from his doctors saying Sanders was diagnosed with a myocardial infarction - a heart attack. "His hospital course was uneventful with good expected progress. He was discharged with instructions to follow up with his personal physician," said his treating physicians, Arturo Marchand Jr. and Arjun Gururaj.
But Sanders' campaign declined to offer much detail about how serious his heart attack was. On Saturday, the campaign declined a request to speak directly with his doctors about his condition.
Asked why they waited to announce the diagnosis, Sanders campaign spokesman Mike Casca said, "We just wanted to wait until he was discharged to give out the information all at once."
A heart attack occurs when a portion of the heart muscle is permanently damaged from a lack of blood flow, said Quinn Capers IV, an interventional cardiologist and professor of internal medicine at Ohio State University. In an interview, Capers said, "The most important thing that dictates how well somebody will do after a heart attack is how much of the heart muscle was permanently damaged."
Capers said the length of Sanders' hospital stay suggests a small or moderate heart attack, after which patients can live long and healthy lives - though he cautioned that he could not know for sure because he did not treat the candidate.
Age can also be a factor in recovery, Capers said.
Health issues have dogged presidential candidates in a number of past elections. After Clinton's fainting episode, detractors spread unsubstantiated claims of underlying illness.
In 1999, just weeks before the Iowa caucuses and the New Hampshire primary, then-Democratic presidential candidate Bill Bradley underwent treatment for an irregular heartbeat, prompting headlines such as "Bradley's heart ailment injects health as campaign issue." Although he'd managed the condition for four years and experts described it as "more nuisance than danger," his campaign never gained traction against the eventual nominee, Al Gore.
The Sanders campaign has sought to project a business-as-usual attitude as the senator takes time away from his hectic schedule. A trio of top surrogates fanned out to campaign in Iowa, South Carolina and New Hampshire over the weekend. And a $2 million TV ad buy the campaign had put off will start in Iowa.
Campaign aides have said unequivocally that Sanders will attend the Oct. 15 debate, but his campaign schedule shows no other events before then.
Capers said that if Sanders were his patient, he would likely recommend seven to eight hours of sleep a night, healthy meals and time for stress release. Getting back for the debate "seems like a challenge," Capers said, adding that if a patient told him he had to be there, he would recommend no additional activity before then.
Sanders aides have pointed to his strong fundraising a sign of enthusiasm for his candidacy, even as he sits in third place in many polls behind Biden and Warren. Sanders raised $40 million in the third quarter of the year, an impressive sum that topped all his Democratic rivals. His campaign said that it has $53 million in his account, a sizable war chest that could sustain campaign operations for months.
It was unclear how news of Sanders' heart attack would affect his fundraising and his future campaign strategy. Before his heart attack, Sanders campaigned more aggressively than most, if not all, of his rivals. He often held multiple events per day, sometimes in more than one state.
Whether the heart attack would shift his standing in the race was also an open question. A handful of Sanders' Democratic rivals sidestepped questions about Sanders' health on Saturday. In recent weeks, Warren has been rising in the polls, drawing large crowds and winning plaudits from prominent Democrats.
"I think she's running a better campaign at this point than Joe Biden or Bernie Sanders," said veteran Democratic strategist Mark Longabaugh, an architect of Sanders' 2016 campaign. "And obviously, Sanders has had a very unfortunate incident that has pulled him off the trail. Biden has been pulled into the impeachment debate. Both demonstrate how unpredictable politics can be and how external events can upset the race."
