UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson gave an address outlining the UK's coronavirus lockdown.
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Britain, Germany and Italy are evaluating powerful and invasive tools for what epidemiologists call contact-tracing, the mapping of personal interactions that could spread the virus. These apps would use real-time phone data to pinpoint virus carriers and people they might have infected.
That worries privacy advocates, who fear such ubiquitous surveillance could be abused without careful oversight, with potentially dire consequences for civil liberties.
"These are testing times, but they do not call for untested new technologies," a group of mostly British activists said in an open letter Monday to the country's National Health Service. The letter noted that such measures put human rights at risk and may not work.
The new tools would mark a substantial departure from existing European disease-surveillance efforts, which have focused on tracking people's movements with aggregated phone location data designed not to identify individuals. Italian police also began mobilising drones on Monday to enforce restrictions on citizens' movements.
Italian police officers with the help of a drone monitor citizens' movements in Grosseto. Photo / AP
But there is a powerful argument in favor of more powerful digital tools, even if they shred privacy: They have been used by several of the Asian governments most successful at containing the pandemic locally, including in China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, South Korea and Singapore.
Last week, Israel took the most invasive step yet by charging its Shin Bet domestic security agency with using smartphone location-tracking to track the movements of virus carriers for the prior two weeks, using historical data to identify possible transmission.
So far, there's no indication the US government plans to track identifiable individuals for disease surveillance. A spokesperson for the White House Office of Science and Technology Policy said it was not currently working on such an app. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention did not immediately respond to questions from The Associated Press.
The White House has reached out to Big Tech companies for help in the worst pandemic in a century, but Google and Facebook both told the AP they are not sharing people's location data with governments.
A Google spokesperson said the company was exploring ways to use aggregated location information against Covid-19, but added that the location data Google normally gathers from phone users isn't accurate enough for contact tracing.
An AT&T spokesperson said the company was not sharing real-time location tracking with US government virus-trackers. Sprint declined to comment and Verizon did not immediately respond to a query.
Contact-tracing apps being considered by European governments would, like Israel's effort, go well beyond what those governments are currently getting from wireless carriers to identify "hot spots" of disease and human concentration.
Authorities at the epicentre of Italy's outbreak have been using carrier data to highlight where people are ignoring stay-at-home orders. Data collected for Italian officials in the hard-hit northern state of Lombardy, for instance, apparently does not allow them to identify individuals, but did show that 30 per cent of phone users were out moving around over the weekend.
While legal safeguards exist in most democracies to protect digital privacy, the danger of the coronavirus could quickly compel policymakers to ignore them. On Friday, the European Union's Data Protection Authority cautiously endorsed putting privacy on pause during the public health emergency.
Italy's Lazio region, which includes Rome and is home to 5.9 million people, rolled out a voluntary app over the weekend to assist people placed under quarantine or who think they've been in contact with others infected by the coronavirus. Privacy advocates worry that such apps can be used to track people. Poland has introduced a more intrusive app — its instructions say it's voluntary — to enforce 14-day quarantine for an estimated 80,000 people. In South Korea, a compulsory app enforces self-isolation for those ordered to maintain it. Anyone violating quarantine could face an $8400 fine or up to a year in prison.
Taiwan and Singapore also use smartphone apps to enforce quarantines via "electronic fences" that alert authorities when someone moves out of quarantine. Hong Kong health authorities use electronic wristbands to monitor all overseas travelers ordered into self-isolation.
Italy's minister of technological innovation, Paola Pisano, said in an interview on Monday that a government task force is putting out a request for tracking-app candidates on Tuesday and expects to evaluate them by the end of the week.
Pisano said she expects Italy's app to be voluntary. One-sixth of Italy's 60 million people don't use the internet, she said, and older people — those most susceptible to being killed by the virus — are generally disinclined to download a new app.
Europeans are closely examining the South Korean model of contact tracing, which involves the use of personal information including immigration, public transportation and credit-card records in addition to location-tracking GPS data.
But the Korean government disclosed so much ostensibly anonymous personal data that digital sleuths were able to identify virus carriers based on such information as where patients visited just before testing positive. Some people even used the data to track alleged marital infidelity. On Friday, South Korea's Centers for Disease Control and Prevention said it was drafting new guidelines on data release to scale back on such abuses.
Michael Parker, an ethicist on an Oxford University team, said people are more likely to use a contact-tracing app if they're not coerced — and the greater the participation the better the odds of identifying "hot spots" and containing the virus.
"Identification and notification could be done anonymously," he said. "You wouldn't need to have to tell people where their possible infection came from."
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But Ashkan Soltani, a former US Federal Trade Commission chief technologist, cautioned that contact tracing via app needs to be complemented with other means of disease surveillance, as in South Korea. That begins with universal testing for the virus, which the US doesn't have yet.
There are other problems. Location data from wireless carriers alone can produce a lot of false positives. GPS data is often inaccurate, Soltani noted, and could inaccurately identify strangers as coinciding when they're actually just in the same high-rise apartment building.
Italian police officers with the help of a drone monitor citizens' movements in Grosseto. Photo / AP
Israel's Army Radio reported Monday that some people had been erroneously forced into quarantine as a result of location errors. It did not say how many. Adi Carmi, a former Shin Bet official, told the station that such anomalies happen with any large scale system. "It's reasonable to assume that there will be mistakes here and there," he said.
Amid the uproar, the Israeli health ministry launched a smartphone app that lets users opt into the tracking system so it can notify them if they have overlapped with any virus carriers over the past 14 days. The app is constantly updated with epidemiological data.
The closest analogues in the US are apps from startups K Health and Buoy Health that let people self-diagnose with an online questionnaire. If their symptoms are consistent with Covid-19, the individual can be connected with a medical professional to determine the next steps.
New York-based K Health shares data with the government for a "heat map" of virus spread but says it is keeping personal data private.
