Covid 19 coronavirus: When will vaccines be widely available globally?

A nurse prepares a Covid-19 vaccine shot at a vaccination clinic in Vermont, US. Photo / AP

The United States, Israel and the United Kingdom are among the nations where about half or more of the population has had at least one Covid-19 vaccination shot.

In some countries, including South Africa, Pakistan and Venezuela, less than 1 per cent of people have been vaccinated.

In nearly a dozen countries — mostly in Africa — there have been no jabs at all.

The differences reflect a mix of factors including purchasing power, domestic production capacity, access to raw materials and global intellectual property laws.

The US has supported waiving intellectual property protection for the vaccines. But it's not clear whether there will be global agreement on the issue and, if so, whether that would help speed up production.

COVAX, a UN-backed project to ensure vaccine access globally, has run drastically behind schedule due in part to export bans and stockpiling by some countries.

In April, researchers at Duke University said that, even with assistance from Covax, many countries would not be able to reach 60 per cent coverage until 2023 or later.

"The US, European and other wealthy nations long ago pre-ordered nearly all the doses available and now other countries, even with the money to buy, are at the back of line waiting," said Matthew Kavanagh, a global health policy expert at Georgetown University.

China and Russia are among those that have committed to donating vaccines to other nations.

Other countries including the US and UK aren't yet sharing their stockpiles, though they've committed to doing so.

Still, global scarcity is expected to continue for years to come.

"There is simply not enough vaccine to go around," Kavanagh said.