What is the United Nations climate summit in Glasgow all about? Video / Ben Cummins
Almost 200 nations are poised to adopt a compromise on how to curb climate change and to keep a key global warming target alive after 15 days of contentious climate talks in Glasgow.
During nearly three hours of discussions, nation after nation said the proposed agreement did not go far enough, but only India and Iran appeared inclined to object.
Negotiators have started the traditional posing for photos, signifying some kind of success.
The deal calls for an eventual end of some coal power and of fossil fuel subsidies.
It also includes enough financial incentives to almost satisfy poorer nations that anticipate harms from climate change out of proportion with their roles in causing it.
Most importantly, negotiators said, it preserves, albeit barely, the overarching goal of limiting warming to 1.5C since pre-industrial times. The world has already warmed 1.1C.
Delegates from countries including Egypt, Japan and Singapore pose for a group photograph together on stage at the COP26 UN Climate Summit. Photo / AP
Ahead of the talks in Glasgow, Scotland, the United Nations had set three criteria for success, and none of them were achieved.
The UN's criteria included pledges to cut carbon dioxide emissions in half by 2030, $100 billion in financial aid from rich nations to poor, and ensuring that half of that money went to helping the developing world adapt to the worst effects of climate change.
Costa Rica's Minister of Environment Andrea Meza Murillo. Photo / AP
The draft agreement says big carbon-polluting nations have to come back and submit stronger emission-cutting pledges by the end of 2022.
Climate activists hold a demonstration through the venue of the COP26 UN Climate Summit. Photo / AP
A rich-poor divide widened at the UN summit in recent days, with developing nations complaining about not being heard. But when the representative from Guinea, speaking for 77 poorer nations and China, said his group could live with the general results, negotiators applauded.
The Chinese delegation also said it was fine with the positions that would come out of a Glasgow in a final conference agreement.
But Indian Environment Minister Bhupender Yadav potentially threw a wrench when he argued against a provision on phasing out coal, saying that developing countries were "entitled to the responsible use of fossil fuels".
China's chief negotiator Xie Zhenhua speaks with Alok Sharma, president of the COP26 summit. Photo / AP
Yadav blamed "unsustainable lifestyles and wasteful consumption patterns" in rich countries for causing global warming. It was unclear whether India would try to stop a potential deal.
"Consensus remains elusive," the minister said.
Iran said it supported India on not being so tough on fossil fuels.
A frustrated European Union Vice President Frans Timmermans, the 27-nation EU's climate envoy, begged negotiators to be united for future generations.
Climate activist Zainab Sunmisola Yunusa takes part in a demonstration through the venue of the COP26 UN Climate Summit. Photo / AP
"For heaven's sake, don't kill this moment," Timmermans pleaded. "Please embrace this text so that we bring hope to the hearts of our children and grandchildren."
US climate envoy John Kerry expressed support for the most recent provisions, calling the draft a "powerful statement". Kerry and several other negotiators noted that good compromises leave everyone slightly unsatisfied.
"Not everyone in public life ... gets to make choices about life and death. Not everyone gets to make choices that actually affect an entire planet. We here are privileged today to do exactly that," he said.
China's chief negotiator Xie Zhenhua. Photo / AP
Gabon's delegation indicated it couldn't leave Glasgow without "scaled up" and predictable assurances for more money to help poorer nations adapt to the worst effects of global warming. Kerry tried to assure Gabon's representatives the United States would redouble its efforts on adaptation finance.
Small island nations that are vulnerable to catastrophic effects of climate change and had pushed for bolder actions in Glasgow said they were satisfied with the spirit of compromise, if not outcome of the talks.
"Maldives accepts the incremental progress made in Glasgow," Aminath Shauna, the island nation's minister for environment, climate change and technology said. "I'd like to note that this progress is not in line with the urgency and scale with the problem at hand."
Alok Sharma, right, president of the COP26, gestures as he has a discussion during a stocktaking plenary session. Photo / AP
Shauna noted that the latest provisions are not vigorous enough to limit warming to 1.5C since pre-industrial times by the end of the century, which was the goal nations agreed to six years ago.
"The difference between 1.5 and 2 degrees is a death sentence for us," Shauna said, noting that to stay within that range the world must cut carbon dioxide emissions essentially in half in 98 months.
Earlier on Saturday, the negotiators in Glasgow pored over fresh proposals for sealing a deal that they hoped could be credibly said to advance worldwide efforts to tackle global warming.
The last-minute huddles focused on a potential loss-and-damage fund for poor nations hurt by climate change and forest credits in a carbon-trading market.
Dr Yasmine Fouad, the Minister of Environment for Egypt, which will host the next COP, COP27, attends a stocktaking plenary session. Photo / AP
"I hope we can have some resolutions before formally starting this plenary," conference president Alok Sharma, an official from host nation Britain, told negotiators. "Collectively this is a package that really moves things forward for everyone."
Until late Saturday afternoon, divisions remained on the issue of financial support sought by poor countries for the disastrous impacts of climate change they will increasingly suffer in the future. The United States and the European Union, two of the world's biggest historic emitters of greenhouse gases, continued to have deep reservations about the so-called "loss and damage" provisions.
Mohammed Quamrul Chowdhury of Bangladesh, a lead negotiator for less-developed countries, ticked off the ways that vague wording in a Saturday morning draft fell short of committing wealthier countries to putting new money on the table for countries struggling with climate damage.
John Kerry, United States special presidential envoy for climate, right, touches the arm of Alok Sharma, president of the COP26 summit. Photo / AP
Another issue that caused problems on Saturday had confounded negotiators for six years: setting up carbon-trading markets. The idea is to trade credits for reducing carbon like other commodities, unleashing the power of markets, with poorer nations getting money, often from private companies, for measures that reduce carbon in the air.
Rich countries wanted to make sure that poor nations that sell their carbon-reduction credits don't claim those actions in their national tallies of emission cuts, a process called double counting.
Saturday's draft provided "strong" provisions to prevent double counting of offsets, but new issues involving forests reemerged later in the day, according to Environmental Defense Fund Vice President Kelly Kizzier, a former European Union negotiator and expert on carbon market negotiations.
Seve Paeniu, a Tuvaluan politician, shows photos of his grandchildren on his phone during a stocktaking plenary session. Photo / AP
Before the areas of disagreement between rich and poor nations demanded urgent attention, coal had garnered more consideration.
A proposal for the overarching decision retains contentious language calling on countries to accelerate "efforts towards the phase-out of unabated coal power and inefficient fossil fuel subsidies."
But in a new addition, the text says nations will recognise "the need for support towards a just transition" — a reference to calls from those working in the fossil fuel industry for financial support as they wind down jobs and businesses.
Some advocacy groups said early on Saturday proposals were not strong enough.
"Here in Glasgow, the world's poorest countries are in danger of being lost from view, but the next few hours can and must change the course we are on," Oxfam senior policy adviser Tracy Carty said. "What's on the table is still not good enough."
Papua New Guinea's Wera Mori, centre, the minister for environment, conservation and climate change. Photo / AP
But the possibility of having fossil fuels explicitly mentioned for the first time in a decision coming out of the UN's annual Conference of the Parties meeting, or COP, was well-received by some environmentalists.
In another proposal, countries are "encouraged" to submit new targets for emissions reduction for 2035 by 2025, and for 2040 by 2030, establishing a five-year cycle. Previously, developing countries were expected to do so only every 10 years. Developed countries are also being asked to submit a short-term update next year.
John Kerry, United States special presidential envoy for climate, speaks on the phone outside the Chinese delegation. Photo / AP
The proposed agreement states that to achieve the 2015 Paris accord's ambitious goal of capping global warming at 1.5C, countries will need to make "rapid, deep and sustained reductions in global greenhouse gas emissions, including reducing global carbon dioxide emissions by 45 per cent by 2030 relative to the 2010 level and to net zero around mid-century, as well as deep reductions in other greenhouse gases."
Scientists say the world is not on track to meet that goal yet, but various pledges made before and during the two-week talks, which are now in overtime, have brought them closer.
Indian minister for environment and climate change Bhupender Yadav. Photo / AP
The latest draft agreement expresses "alarm and utmost concern that human activities have caused around 1.1C of global warming to date and that impacts are already being felt in every region."
