The issue was published just hours before polls opened in a general election marred by terror attacks in London and Manchester, which killed more than 20 people and injured dozens more.
The cartoon of people running is a reference to Saturday's attack in London, where a trio of Islamic extremists ploughed a van into a crowd on London Bridge before stabbing people in the Borough Market area. They killed eight people and injured 48.
Some social media users have reacted with fury to the cartoons, with one branding them "horrific".
The magazine's staff have personal experience of terrorism. In January 2015, Islamic extremists burst into their offices in Paris and gunned down 12 people in reaction to cartoons that mocked the Prophet Mohammad.
In the edition that followed the attack in Paris, Charlie Hebdo's front page showed a picture of the Prophet holding up a sign that said "all is forgiven".
But the magazine's cartoons have become more controversial since that attack, and critics say this is to blame for a fall in circulation.
The magazine sparked outrage after running a cartoon that depicted the corpse of Aylan Kurdi, a Syrian toddler who became a powerful symbol of the refugee crisis after a photograph of him lying dead in the sand was broadcast worldwide.
The same cartoon showed lascivious-looking migrants chasing a woman with their tongues hanging out, alongside the caption: "What would little Aylan have become? A butt groper."
Supporters of the magazine said at the time that it was trying to satirise Europeans who believed that all refugees and migrants from the Middle East and North Africa were sexual predators.
