Flames and smoke rise from the Bootleg fire in southern Oregon this week. Photo / AP
Flames and smoke rise from the Bootleg fire in southern Oregon this week. Photo / AP
Smoke and heat from a massive wildfire in southeastern Oregon are creating giant "fire clouds" over the blaze — dangerous columns of smoke and ash that can reach up to 10km in the sky and are visible from more than 160km away.
Authorities have put these clouds at the top of the list of the extreme fire behaviour they are seeing on the Bootleg Fire, the largest wildfire burning in the United States at the moment. The inferno grew Friday to about 194 square kilometres larger than the size of New York City and was raging through a part of the US West that is enduring a historic drought.
The fire was so dangerous on Friday that authorities pulled out crews.
Meteorologists this week also spotted a bigger, more extreme form of fire clouds — ones that can create their own weather, including "fire tornadoes."
Extreme fire behaviour, including the formation of more fire clouds, was expected to worsen into the weekend.
Pyrocumulus clouds — literally translated as "fire clouds" — look like giant, dirty-coloured thunderheads that sit atop a massive column of smoke coming up from a wildfire. Often the top of the smoke column flattens out to take the shape of an anvil.
A pyrocumulus cloud, also known as a fire cloud, forms over the blaze in southern Oregon, in this photo taken with a drone by the Bootleg Fire Incident Command. Photo / AP
In Oregon, fire authorities say the clouds are forming between 3pm and 5pm each day as the sun penetrates the smoke layer and heats the ground below, creating an updraft of hot air. On this fire, crews are seeing the biggest and most dangerous clouds over a section of wilderness that's made up mostly of dead trees, which burn instantly and with a lot of heat.
For four days in a row, the Bootleg Fire has generated multiple fire clouds that rise nearly 10km into the atmosphere and are "easily visible from 100 to 120 air miles away" (160-193km), authorities said yesterday.
The conditions that create the clouds were expected to worsen over the weekend.
What's the science behind these clouds?
When air over the fire becomes super-heated, it rises in a large column. As the air with more moisture rises, it rushes up the smoke column into the atmosphere, and the moisture condenses into droplets. That's what creates the "fire clouds" that look much like the thunderheads seen before a big thunderstorm.
These clouds, however, hold more than just water. Ash and particles from the fire also get swept into them, giving them a dark gray, ominous look.
Is there something even more dangerous than a fire cloud?
Yes. When a pyrocumulus cloud forms over a fire, meteorologists begin to watch carefully for its big brother, the pyrocumulonimbus cloud.
NASA has called the latter the "fire-breathing dragon of clouds" because they are so hot and big that they create their own weather.
The Bootleg fire, which started with lightning, has grown to become the largest wildfire burning in the US, where it has torched more than 976 square kilometres. Photo / AP
In a worst-case scenario, fire crews on the ground could see one of the monster clouds spawn a "fire tornado," generate its own dry lightning and hail — but no rain — and create dangerous hot winds below. They can also send particulate matter from the smoke column up to 16km above Earth's surface.
So far, most of the clouds on the Bootleg Fire have been the less-intense fire clouds, but the National Weather Service on Thursday spotted a pyrocumulonimbus cloud forming on what it called "terrifying" satellite imagery.
"Please send positive thoughts and well wishes to the firefighters. ... It's a tough time for them right now," the weather service said in a tweet.
How dangerous are these clouds?
Both types of fire clouds pose serious risks for firefighters.
Multiple pyrocumulus clouds have been spotted for four consecutive days, and one of them on the southern flank of the fire partially collapsed Friday, causing dangerous winds and embers to fall on crews.
Columns of smoke from the Bootleg fire rise into the air in southern Oregon. Photo / AP
That prompted the emergency evacuation of all firefighters and dirt-moving equipment from that part of the fire line. Authorities say there have been no reported injuries.
"We're expecting those exact same conditions to develop and even worsen into the weekend," fire spokeswoman Holly Krake said.
These types of fire-induced clouds are becoming more common as climate change lengthens and intensifies the wildfire season across the American West and in other places, including Australia.
Experts with the US Naval Research Laboratory said yesterday that they are seeing a "record number" of these fire-induced clouds in North America this summer, including in Oregon, Montana and British Columbia.
For example, a wildfire in British Columbia last month that levelled an entire town also generated a pyrocumulonimbus cloud.
Blazes in California in 2020 and in the years before have created multiple pyrocumulus clouds, with the Creek Fire in the Fresno area generating a mighty pyrocumulonimbus cloud last northern autumn.
Australia's bush fire siege in January 2020 also produced pyrocumulonimbus clouds that threatened to produce a fire tornado.
