President Vladimir Putin vowed to pursue terrorists to their "total annihilation" in his first public comments since the Volgograd suicide bombings.
In a hastily rewritten New Year's address, broadcast from the Far Eastern city of Khabarovsk, he praised Russia's unity in the face of terrorism and natural disasters and promised to wage an unrelenting fight against the bombers.
"In the past year we have faced problems and serious challenges including the inhuman terror attacks in Volgograd and unprecedented [flood] disasters in the Far East," he declared. "Dear friends, we bow our heads in memory of the victims of these terrible attacks. We will strongly and decisively continue the battle against terrorists until their total annihilation."
He later visited Volgograd and met bombing survivors in hospital.