Russia's military buildup on the Ukrainian border is easy to see. Satellite images show ever-growing patches of snow-covered tanks expanding along the frontier, and a stream of Russian TikTok posts records the steady westerly crawl of trains carrying missile launchers, armour and troops.
And yet despite the buildup — and even with the United States warning that an attack could come imminently, and Nato forces on alert — Ukraine's leadership is playing down the Russian threat.
That posture has left analysts guessing about the leadership's motivation, with some saying it is to keep the Ukrainian markets stable, prevent panic and avoid provoking Moscow, while others attribute it to the country's uneasy acceptance that conflict with Russia is part of Ukraine's daily existence.
Already this week, Ukraine's defence minister has asserted that there had been no change in the Russian forces compared with a buildup in the spring; the head of the national security council accused some Western countries and news media outlets of overstating the danger for geopolitical purposes; and a Foreign Ministry spokesperson took a swipe at the US and Britain for pulling the families of diplomats from their embassies in Kyiv, saying they had acted prematurely.
This week's proclamations came after an address to the nation last week by Ukraine's president, Volodymyr Zelenskyy, in which he asked, "What's new? Isn't this the reality for eight years?"
How to interpret the threat from Russian troops and equipment massed at Ukraine's border is a subject of intense debate. Ukraine's own military intelligence service now says there are at least 127,000 troops on the border, significantly more than were deployed by Russia in the spring buildup.
That number does not yet include the troops and equipment arriving now in neighbouring Belarus, a Russian ally, before military exercises next month. The US says those drills could be used as a pretext to place forces within striking distance of Ukraine's capital, Kyiv.
Even so, in an interview on Monday (Tuesday NZT) with Ukrainian television station ICTV, Ukraine's defence minister, Oleksii Reznikov, seemed to wonder what all the fuss was about.
"Today, at this very moment, not a single strike group of the Russian armed forces has been established, which attests to the fact that tomorrow they are not going to invade," Reznikov said. "That is why I ask you to not spread panic."
There are different reasons for the disconnect in messaging between Ukrainian officials and their American counterparts, analysts say. Zelenskyy must be deft in crafting a message that keeps Western aid flowing, does not provoke Russia and reassures the Ukrainian people.
And after eight years of war with Russia, experts say, Ukrainians simply calculate the threat differently than their Western allies.
In 2014, Russian commando units seized the Crimean Peninsula, and Russian-backed separatists tried to claw away two eastern Ukrainian provinces. Troops are dug into trenches on both sides of a so-called line of contact that frequently crackles and pops with small-arms and mortar fire. More than 13,000 people have been killed in the conflict.
"We understand the plans and intentions of Russia; for us crying out from fear is not necessary," Oleksii Danilov, head of Ukraine's national security and defence council, said in an interview with the BBC published Monday.
Danilov and others in the Ukrainian government argue that sowing panic and disarray within Ukrainian society is as much a part of the Russian strategy as any eventual military action. So showing fear, even if there is a basis for it, is only handing their enemies a victory before a single shot is fired.
"The No. 1 task of Russia is the shattering of the internal situation in our country," Danilov said. "And today, unfortunately, they are doing this successfully. Our task is to do our jobs in a calm and balanced environment."
The US has its own reasons for the way it has called out the Kremlin of late. Washington has to send a strong message both to Moscow and to allies in Europe, like Germany, who might be more hesitant to take a robust stance against Russia, said Maria Zolkina, a political analyst with the Democratic Initiatives Foundation, a Kyiv-based think tank.
But there is a risk that Washington's messaging, which includes putting 8500 troops on "high alert" for possible deployment to Nato's eastern frontier, could provoke the Kremlin further, or at least be used to justify a more aggressive posture. On Tuesday, Dmitry Peskov, the Kremlin's spokesperson, said Moscow was watching Nato troop movements "with profound concern".
Since taking office three years ago, Zelenskyy has adopted a light touch in dealing with Moscow. That seemed to pay some dividends earlier in his tenure, Zolkina said, but faced with this new crisis, such an approach can appear weak.
"Now when there is a real scenario in which Russia might invade Ukraine or carry out some kind of hybrid attack on Ukraine, this kind of handling is a losing strategy for Ukraine," she said. "The West is carrying out negotiations that don't involve us."
Not everyone in the country agrees with the current government's approach. Last weekend, the leaders of Ukraine's varied and often raucous political opposition pressed Zelenskyy to set aside calls for calm and prepare the country for war.
A collection of parliament members from different parties, as well as the former president, prime minister and foreign minister, signed a communiqué calling on Zelenskyy to mobilise Ukraine's forces to confront "the deadly threat from Russia that is looming over Ukraine."
"He believes that if he scares the Ukrainian people, his approval rating will go down," Arseniy Yatsenyuk, who was Ukraine's prime minister when the war broke out in 2014, said of Zelenskyy. "If Russia starts its invasion, we have to forget about politics and the approval rating in this country because I'm not sure we will have a chance to have our next parliamentary or presidential elections."
Ukrainians are preparing themselves, even if signs of all-out mobilisation are not entirely visible. Across the country, thousands of people have signed up to learn combat skills in classes put on by the Ukrainian government and private paramilitary groups. The goal is to create a force of civilian defenders who can carry on an insurgency should the main force of the Ukrainian military be decimated in a Russian attack.
In the city of Chernihiv — about a two-hour drive north of Kyiv and directly within the path of any Russian advance on the capital — some residents expressed hope that the government would do more to prepare the country for a possible attack.
"The president and his administration see absolutely no threat," said Lyudmila Sliusarenko, a 73-year-old retired teacher. "So anything that can be done to stop Putin will have to come from the West.
"But," she added, "if there is an attack, the whole people will stand as one."
This article originally appeared in The New York Times.
Written by: Michael Schwirtz
Photographs by: Tyler Hicks, Brendan Hoffman
© 2022 THE NEW YORK TIMES
Several Assad allies, including Maher and Mamlouk, sought refuge in Russia and Lebanon.