Under increasing international pressure to contain fires sweeping parts of the Amazon, President Jair Bolsonaro of Brazil authorised use of the military to battle the massive blazes. Photo / AP
As the Amazon burned and the world faced an ecological disaster, President Emmanuel Macron of France bluntly criticized Brazil's leader this week and threatened to kill a major trade deal between Europe and Brazil.
President Donald Trump, on the other hand, posted a Tweet only Friday evening, saying that the United States was ready to help contain the fires, but adding that "future trade prospects" between the United States and Brazil "are very exciting."
The contrast highlighted the gap in leadership on issues affecting the global climate. As the Trump administration denies established climate science and has abandoned an international accord intended to fight global warming, European leaders have energetically stepped in to take up the mantle of leadership.
"There is a European vision of the world, and this vision is asserting itself more and more — that the European Union has to be a green superpower," said Pascal Canfin, an ally of Macron, who is also member of the European Parliament and chairman of its environment committee.
By week's end, the global condemnation led by Macron appeared to have chastened President Jair Bolsonaro of Brazil, a far-right populist and climate change skeptic.
In a televised address Friday night, he reversed himself, announcing that he would send the military to combat the fires and adding in an unusually conciliatory tone, "Protecting the rainforest is our duty."
On Saturday, military officials said they had deployed two C-130 cargo planes equipped with firefighting tools to the state of Rondônia and were assessing requests from at least five other states. Many questions have yet to be answered, though, including how many troops will be assigned and how much money will be spent.
Brazilian officials said the military was uniquely equipped to battle the fires and enforce environmental laws. But restoring the country's image was also at play. Lt. Brig. Raul Botelho, the chief of the Armed Forces' Joint Staff, said an important part of the mission was creating "a positive perception of the country."
Still, Bolsonaro's announcement yielded a victory for Europe as Macron prepared to host the Group of 7 leaders at a weekend meeting in Biarritz, a resort town in southern France.
But the summit also underlined the limits of Europe's engagement on climate: Trump had used his first G-7 meeting, in 2017, to snub the Paris climate accord before quickly announcing a withdrawal. And China — the world's other indispensable player on climate and Brazil's biggest trading partner — is not a member of the group.
Macron's criticism of Brazil was followed up by Chancellor Angela Merkel of Germany, who said forcefully that the Amazon fires would be a central issue during the summit.
"In a very special way, we are galvanised by the terrible fires in the Amazon," Merkel said. The goal at the summit, she added, is "to send a clear message that everything must be done to stop the burning of the rainforest."
But given Trump's position on climate, and the absence of China as well as Russia, the talks are not likely to lead to significant change, said Jean Jouzel, a leading French climate expert.
"The international scene now lacks dynamism in the fight against global warming," said Jouzel, who was vice chairman of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change in 2007 when it won the Nobel Prize. "To effectively combat global warming, all countries must look in the same direction."
Indeed, despite Bolsonaro's change in tone on Friday, it is far from clear whether he will reconsider any of the policies that, experts say, have contributed to the rapid pace of deforestation since he took office in January.
During his short tenure, his business-friendly policies have led to widespread destruction of the Amazon's protected areas by miners, loggers and farmers — reversing his country's success over the previous two decades in slowing the deforestation rate.
During his presidential campaign, Bolsonaro had even threatened to pull his country out of the Paris climate accord, following in the footsteps of Trump, with whom he has bonded, especially during a visit to the White House in March.
Once a model for conservation and efforts to fight climate change, Brazil quickly became a target for environmental groups and European governments.
Earlier this month, Germany and Norway suspended payments to Brazil's Amazon fund — a conservation program that had been central to curbing deforestation — after the Bolsonaro government weakened its leadership. Bolsonaro reacted angrily, saying, "Isn't Norway that country that kills whales up there in the North Pole? Take that money and help Angela Merkel reforest Germany."
Last month, Ireland became the first member of the EU to express opposition to the trade deal between the EU and Brazil as well as three other South American nations, a region called Mercosur.
In June, after 20 years of negotiations, the EU and the South American nations agreed on a deal that would, according to Brazil's own estimates, bolster the country's economy by US$88 billion over the next 15 years. The agreement, however, still needs to be ratified by the respective governments.
Initially, Bolsonaro said the Amazon fires were an internal issue and dismissed the idea of discussing the Amazon at the G-7 meeting as "colonialist mindset that is unacceptable in the 21st century." Without offering evidence, his administration also accused private environmental groups of starting the fires to embarrass him.
But pressure from Europe finally appeared to bear fruit Friday as France threatened to block the South American trade deal and calls to boycott Brazilian products rose globally. The moves zeroed in on a sensitive spot for Brazil's pro-business leader: the country's fragile economy.
In unusually harsh language, France issued a statement saying that based on Bolsonaro's stance on the Amazon fires, Macron "can only conclude that President Bolsonaro lied to him" during a previous meeting about his commitment to the climate.
Germany — as the biggest European winner in trade deals worldwide — has traditionally hesitated to use the EU's economic leverage to press a climate agenda. While Merkel appeared to fully back her French counterpart, a spokesman for the chancellor said that Germany did not believe that killing the trade deal was the way forward in resolving the crisis in the Amazon.
"France has been the most vocal in promoting it, and it's gaining ground across Europe, though all countries are still not on the same line," said Canfin, the European parliamentarian who also served as the head of the World Wildlife Fund in France.
Others were more skeptical, saying that political leaders were simply reacting to voters' growing interest in climate issues — as evidenced by the Green Party's broad gains across the Continent in May's European Parliament elections.
Esther Benbassa, a Green Party senator representing Paris and a fierce opponent of the South American trade deal, said Macron had supported the pact until Friday even though Bolsonaro's views and policies on the Amazon had long been clear.
"Now, because of growing opposition, Mr. Macron is just reversing course," Benbassa said. "Because of his neoliberal views, he can't really be for the environment."
Written by: Norimitsu Onishi
Photographs by: Erin Schaff
© 2019 THE NEW YORK TIMES
Several Assad allies, including Maher and Mamlouk, sought refuge in Russia and Lebanon.