A destroyed Russian tank after a battle north of Kyiv this month. Photo / AP
Military losses have mounted, progress has slowed, and a blame game has begun among some Russian supporters of the war.
In January, the head of a group of serving and retired Russian military officers declared that invading Ukraine would be "pointless and extremely dangerous." It would kill thousands, he said, make Russians and Ukrainians enemies for life, risk a war with NATO and threaten "the existence of Russia itself as a state."
To many Russians, that seemed like a far-fetched scenario, since few imagined that an invasion of Ukraine was really possible. But two months later, as Russia's advance stalls in Ukraine, the prophecy looms large. Reached by phone this week, the retired general who authored the declaration, Leonid Ivashov, said he stood by it, although he could not speak freely given Russia's wartime censorship: "I do not disavow what I said."
In Russia, the slow going and the heavy toll of President Vladimir Putin's war on Ukraine are setting off questions about his military's planning capability, his confidence in his top spies and loyal defence minister, and the quality of the intelligence that reaches him. It also shows the pitfalls of Putin's top-down governance, in which officials and military officers have little leeway to make their own decisions and adapt to developments in real time.
The failures of Putin's campaign are apparent in the striking number of senior military commanders believed to have been killed in the fighting. Ukraine says it has killed at least six Russian generals, while Russia acknowledges one of their deaths, along with that of the deputy commander of its Black Sea fleet. US officials say they cannot confirm the number of Russian troop deaths, but that Russia's invasion plan appears to have been stymied by bad intelligence.
The lack of progress is so apparent that a blame game has begun among some Russian supporters of the war — even as Russian propaganda claims that the slog is a consequence of the military's care to avoid harming civilians. Igor Girkin, a former colonel in Russia's FSB intelligence agency and the former "defence minister" of Russian-backed separatists in eastern Ukraine, said in a video interview posted online on Monday that Russia had made a "catastrophically incorrect assessment" of Ukraine's forces.
"The enemy was underestimated in every aspect," Girkin said.
The Russian forces' poor performance has also surprised analysts, who predicted at the start of the war that Russia's massive, technologically advanced military would make short work of Ukraine. Putin himself seems to have counted on his troops quickly seizing major cities, including the capital, Kyiv, decapitating the government and installing a puppet regime under the Kremlin's control.
"Take power into your own hands," Putin urged Ukrainian soldiers on the second day of the invasion, apparently hoping Ukraine would go down without a fight.
Instead, Ukraine fought back. Nearly a month has passed, and Russian troops appear bogged down in the face of relentless attacks from a much weaker, though far more manoeuvrable, Ukrainian military.
"There was probably the hope that they wouldn't resist so intensely," Yevgeny Buzhinsky, a retired lieutenant general and a regular Russian state television commentator, said of Ukraine's forces. "They were expected to be more reasonable."
As if responding to criticism, Putin has said repeatedly in his public comments about the war that it is going "according to plan."
"We can definitively say that nothing is going to plan," countered Pavel Luzin, a Russian military analyst. "It has been decades since the Soviet and Russian armies have seen such great losses in such a short period of time."
Russia last announced its combat losses three weeks ago — 498 deaths as of March 2. US officials now say that a conservative estimate puts the Russian military death toll at 7,000. Russia says it lost a total of 11,000 service members in nearly a decade of fighting in Chechnya.
The failures in Ukraine have started to create fissures within Russian leadership, according to Andrei Soldatov, an author and expert on Russia's military and security services. The top Russian intelligence official in charge of overseeing the recruitment of spies and diversionary operations in Ukraine has been put under house arrest along with his deputy, Soldatov said. Even Russia's defence minister, Sergei Shoigu, who vacations with Putin and has been spoken of as a potential presidential successor, has suffered a loss of standing, according to Soldatov's sources.
"It looks like everybody is on edge," Soldatov said.
Soldatov's claims could not be independently verified, and some independent experts have challenged them. But Shoigu has not been shown meeting with Putin in person since February 27, when he and his top military commander, Gen. Valery Gerasimov, sat at the end of a long table as Putin, on the opposite end, ordered them to place Russia's nuclear forces at a higher level of readiness.
"The war has shown that the army fights poorly," Luzin, the Russian military analyst, said. "The defence minister is responsible for this."
The battlefield deaths of senior Russian commanders also reflect poorly on the Kremlin's war planning. Captain Andrei Paliy, the deputy commander of Russia's Black Sea fleet, died in combat over the port city of Mariupol, Russian officials said Sunday.
After Major General Andrei Sukhovetsky, the deputy commander of the 41st Combined Arms Army, was killed four days into the war, the city of Novorossiysk, where he was previously based, issued a statement remembering him as "a faithful comrade, a valiant warrior, a wise commander and a selfless defender of the Fatherland."
"Epaulets give no protection to terrorists," Ukraine's military intelligence service said in its statement announcing Sukhovetsky's death.
There was also Major General Oleg Mityayev, among the Russian military's most seasoned commanders. He had led Russia's largest foreign military base in Tajikistan and was second in command of Russia's forces in Syria. When Putin ordered his troops to invade Ukraine, Mityayev was tapped to lead the storied 150th Motorised Rifle Division, whose soldiers helped take the Reichstag building in Berlin precipitating Nazi Germany's defeat in 1945.
According to Kyiv, he lasted less than three weeks in Ukraine. After he was killed in battle, either Russian forces left his body behind, or it was captured by the far-right Azov Battalion, which posted a photo of the bloody corpse on Telegram with the caption, "Glory to Ukraine."
Russian officials have not confirmed his death — or those of another four generals that Ukraine claims to have killed. But even accounting for the fog of war, experts say that Russia has suffered a damaging death toll among its military leaders on the ground in Ukraine, which could soon erode Russia's military effectiveness.
The deaths reflect operational security failures as well as the challenges of the Russian military's top-heavy command structure in the face of a much nimbler Ukrainian fighting force.
"In modern warfare, you don't have a lot of generals getting knocked off," said Lt. General Ben Hodges, the former commander of the US Army in Europe. "But this is a very lethal battlefield."
General Joseph L. Votel, the former commander of US Central Command, said that the deaths could reflect Russia's challenges on the ground — and reports that some Russian units did not understand the mission at hand and had even abandoned equipment. As a result, he said, military leaders appeared to be operating closer to the front to "supervise and keep their troops in the fight, by personal example or intimidation."
"Continuing to lose senior leaders is not good," he said in an email. "Eventually, loss of leadership affects morale, fighting prowess and effectiveness."
For Russia's generals, part of the problem is that many of them have spent recent decades fighting a different type of war. In Chechnya at the beginning of the 2000s, Russia succeeded in pacifying a separatist uprising in a small territory by resorting to scorched-earth decimation of entire cities. More recently in Syria, Russia's operations have been driven by airstrikes against a population that lacks sophisticated weapons or even a regular army.
Ukraine, while far weaker militarily, has been learning from its eight-year war against Russian-backed separatist forces in the country's east — a similar war, in miniature, to the one being fought now. Ukraine has its own air force, which remains largely intact, and modern anti-aircraft systems. As convoys of Russian armour have lumbered along Ukrainian highways, Ukrainian forces have deployed drones and highly manoeuvrable infantry units to devastating effect, leaving abandoned and burning vehicles.
Throughout Ukraine, Russian forces have now largely stalled. But analysts caution that the military setbacks will not deter Putin — who has cast the war at home as an existential one for Russia, and is increasingly signalling to the Russian public to prepare for a long fight.
The question is whether heavy losses and the pain of Western sanctions could force Putin to accept some kind of compromise to end the war — and whether President Volodymyr Zelenskyy of Ukraine would be prepared to offer concessions to satisfy him. On Tuesday, Dmitry Peskov, the Kremlin's spokesperson, played down any hopes of an imminent cease-fire, describing talks with Ukraine as going "much more slowly and less substantively than we would like."
"The Russian leadership can't lose," said Andrei Kortunov, director-general of the Russian International Affairs Council, a research organization close to the Russian government. "No matter what, they will need to end this whole story with some kind of victory."
This article originally appeared in The New York Times.
Written by: Anton Troianovski and Michael Schwirtz
Photographs by: Lynsey Addario
© 2022 THE NEW YORK TIMES
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