El Salvador
In 2017, then-United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Zeid Ra'ad Al Hussein said in a statement that he was "appalled that as a result of El Salvador's absolute prohibition on abortion, women are being punished for apparent miscarriages and other obstetric emergencies, accused and convicted of having induced termination of pregnancy."
Abortion has been completely criminalized in El Salvador since the late 1990s. And as of last year, more than 20 women and girls were in prison under the country's abortion ban. Many of them were sentenced to decades in prison after prosecutors tacked homicide charges on top of abortion charges.
In December 2018, Imelda Cortez was freed after more than 18 months behind bars. She had given birth to a baby in a latrine, and the infant survived, but prosecutors claimed her behaviour - the fact she had hidden her pregnancy and didn't take the baby to the hospital - amounted to attempted murder. She said she hadn't realised she was pregnant and that the father of the child was her own stepfather who had raped her. A paternity test later confirmed that he was the father.
After more than a year in limbo, a Salvadoran court unexpectedly ruled her not guilty of any crime, even once prosecutors dropped the abortion charge and suggested she be charged with child abandonment instead.
It was doctors Cortez saw for her own post-delivery needs who reported her to the police, after questioning whether she might have attempted an abortion. Like women, doctors there must be careful not to be either falsely accused of providing an abortion or of being caught providing underground abortions, as they can also face jail time if convicted of carrying out clandestine abortions.
Other women who have recently been released in El Salvador include Maira Veronica Figueroa Marroquin, who said she suffered from a still birth but was sentenced to 30 years in prison anyway, and released last year after 15 years behind bars.
Dominican Republic
Like in El Salvador, abortion is illegal in the Dominican Republic under any circumstances.
In 2012, Rosaura Almonte Hernández, a pregnant 16-year-old diagnosed with leukemia, was banned from seeking chemotherapy over concerns the treatment could harm her fetus. Eventually, doctors relented and began chemotherapy, but Hernández soon died. Her case was included in a 2018 Human Rights Watch report.
A number of women who received clandestine abortions in the Dominican Republic to end their pregnancies relayed their accounts to the watchdog group, which determined "[t]he ban does not stop abortion but drives it underground and makes it less safe."
Women and girls who are found to have received abortions in the Dominican Republic can face up to two years in prison, the group reported. It's medical professionals who pay an even higher price: They can face up to 20 years in prison for providing an abortion.
Although there has been repeated discussion among lawmakers over the possibility of loosening the restrictions, the ban currently remains in place. The Human Rights Watch report said there was a clear pattern of distress among the women and girls they interviewed about abortions. Interviewees repeatedly used words like "depressed," "terrified," and "desperate" to describe how they felt when they learned they were pregnant, the watchdog group said.
Nicaragua
Nicaragua once allowed for abortions under certain reasons, but in 2006 passed a law that dramatically restricted women's access to the procedure. According to Human Rights Watch, those who terminate their pregnancies can face up to two years in prison. Medical professionals who assist them can face up to six.
The watchdog group reported a similar pattern to other countries in Nicaragua, saying that clandestine abortions continue to happen despite the ban, but that many women are afraid to report complications to their doctors, who might feel compelled to report them to authorities. "Medical providers, caught in a conflict between the law and medical ethics, have reported women and girls to police for suspected abortions," a 2017 report said.
Ireland and Northern Ireland
Last year, in a landslide vote, Ireland repealed a long-standing abortion ban, one that had been among the most restrictive in the developed world. Now abortion in Ireland is unrestricted during the first 12 weeks of a pregnancy, and is also permitted after that time for certain health reasons.
Before that vote, a 1983 Irish amendment had banned nearly all abortions, even for victims of rape and incest. In 2013, lawmakers tweaked the ban to make exceptions for women whose lives were in danger. At the time, the Irish Department of Health said that thousands of women travelled from Ireland to Britain each year to seek abortions.
The vote came a year after Savita Halappanavar, 31, died from blood poisoning in Ireland after doctors refused to perform an abortion for her even though she was miscarrying. But even after legal exceptions were made to the ban, women and girls who sought abortions at home and medical professionals who performed them still faced serious punishment: up to 14 years in prison.
Activists in Northern Ireland hoped the Irish vote would change things across the border, too. But this week, they said they think their legislation is even more strict than what was proposed in Alabama, the Guardian reported. In Northern Ireland, abortions are banned under all circumstances except if doctors believe the life of the mother or her mental health are at risk. Reuters reported last year that those who perform or receive an abortion can face life in prison.
