The fight for the Libyan capital of Tripoli, from the front line. Video / BBC
At first, the fighters inside the empty school building in Al Aziziyah, about 20 burly, heavily armed Russian mercenaries in dark fatigues, seemed trapped, recalled some of the Libyan militiamen who were there.
But as the Libyans pushed forward, snipers opened fire from inside with high-powered rifles. Within minutes, three Libyan militiamen were killed, all shot in the head.
Hundreds of Russian mercenaries, many highly trained and well-armed, are fighting alongside renegade Libyan commander Khalifa Hifter as he seeks to oust the country's United Nations-backed government, according to Libyan military commanders and fighters, as well as US military and other Western officials.
These foreigners fighting for Hifter's self-described Libyan National Army are introducing new tactics and firepower on the battlefield, threatening to prolong the most violent conflict in this North African country since the Arab Spring revolution eight years ago.
"The entry of the Russian forces into the war has altered the battlefield," said Osama al-Juwaili, a top commander of the Libyan government's forces. "Their presence complicates things for us."
Militiamen look for enemy forces in the area of Suani, Libya. Photos / Washington Post
They represent the latest escalation in Libya's proxy war, which has drawn in European and Arab countries - notably the United Arab Emirates and Egypt - despite an international arms embargo.
And the arrival of these mercenaries comes at a time when Russia has been expanding its military and diplomatic reach across the Middle East, Africa and beyond, enjoying greater clout in places such as Syria where the United States is disengaging.
"We are aware of Russian private military companies operating in Libyan National Army-controlled territory in eastern Libya, and they have also operated in western Libya," said Rebecca Farmer, a spokesperson for the US military's Africa Command.
Farmer said the Russian mercenaries work for the Wagner Group, a private army that experts have linked to Yevgeniy Prigozhin, a close ally of Russian President Vladimir Putin.
The Wagner Group has previously appeared in combat in Syria, the Central African Republic, Ukraine and other countries considered strategic for the Kremlin's geopolitical and economic interests.
Russia has arms and construction agreements worth in excess of US$4 billion, made with late Libyan dictator Muammar Gaddafi, who was ousted and killed in the country's 2011 uprisings and Nato intervention.
"They have a strong economic rationale in their continued support to Hifter," said Farmer, referring to Moscow.
A senior Western official described the Russians as "guns for hire" and said, based on the analysis of intelligence and military experts, that these mercenaries were believed until recently to number around 300. But new, "very alarming" information indicates there are thousands, said the official.
Once largely based in Hifter's eastern Libyan strongholds, they are "now being brought to the front lines," said the official, adding that these fighters include snipers and artillery experts and have brought "some tactical skills and edge to the fight."
Senior military commanders for the Libyan Government have estimated the number of Russian mercenaries at around 300 based on their intelligence sources inside Hifter's territory. "We have eyes on the ground there," one top commander said.
Some pro-government fighters said they knew the mercenaries were Russian by the chatter on their hand-held radios. Both sides can access each other's frequencies at times, and the pro-government fighters recall hearing Russian spoken. In the battle for the empty school, fighters said, they heard the enemy fighters screaming commands and names in Russian.
A Washington Post reporter also reviewed Russian identity cards, documents and other material belonging to the Russians found at the site of clashes, as well as photos and videos of the mercenaries taken by Libyan militia fighters.
A spokesman for Hifter's Libyan National Army, Colonel Ahmed al-Mismari, said the reports of Russians are "fake news" and that "all our fighters are Libyan."
Putin's spokesman, Dmitry Peskov, declined to answer questions about the mercenaries, replying that "The Kremlin does not have this information," while a spokesperson for Prigozhin said the businessman "has nothing to do with the so-called 'Wagner' private military company" and declined to comment further.
Russian mercenaries attacked this school in Al Aziziya, Libya, and engaged pro-Sarraj militias for more than 10 hours before withdrawing.
The Russian mercenaries entered Libya in September, according to Libyan commanders and fighters, six months after Hifter launched a surprise offensive on the capital. The 75-year-old commander, a former general in Gaddafi's army who is a dual US-Libyan citizen and lived for years in Northern Virginia, is aligned with a rival eastern government.
His forces, composed of eastern militias, are battling armed groups from Tripoli and other western cities aligned with the Government of National Accord. The conflict has killed more than 1000, including at least 100 civilians, and driven more than 120,000 from their homes, according to the World Health Organisation.
In addition to the United Arab Emirates and Egypt, Saudi Arabia is backing Hifter, as is France. Italy and other European nations, as well as Turkey and Qatar, are supporting the Tripoli-based Government. US policy has been uncertain since April when President Donald Trump endorsed Hifter's offensive in a telephone call.
The former Soviet Union had a close relationship with Gaddafi, sending weaponry and military advisers to Libya throughout the 1970s and 1980s.
In Hifter, Moscow sees an opening to gain back billions in lucrative oil and military contracts that it lost when Gaddafi was killed, analysts said. Russia has printed billions of Libyan dinars to prop up eastern Libya's economy and help finance Hifter's military campaign. Russia has also blocked a U.N. Security Council statement that sought to condemn Hifter's offensive.
A military training manual believed to belong to Russian mercenaries was found on a battleground in Libya.
Along the front lines in southern Tripoli, Libyan fighters ran fast between houses pocked by mortar shells and bullets to avoid being caught in the sights of Russian snipers.
On the second floor of a half-destroyed mansion, commander Khalifa Al Naluti peered out at an apartment complex 100m away. "The Russians are over there," he said. "It's dangerous to stand here."
Libyan fighters on both sides are undisciplined, often firing excessively and haphazardly at targets. The Russians, by contrast, move in small groups and attack from side positions, mostly at night or in the early morning hours, Libyan fighters say. The Russians preserve their ammunition, firing at optimal moments with precision.
"Their fighting style is different than what we are used to," said Jabber Abu Dabous, a militiaman. "They fight in a professional manner."
And the Russians may not only be fighting but also training Hifter's forces. Since the arrival of the Russians, Hifter's forces have begun using novel military tactics and new weaponry, say pro-government militia fighters.
At the only field hospital in Al Aziziyah, a small town 40km southwest of Tripoli, doctors have been treating new types of war injuries over the past several weeks.
Nearly every bullet wound is now in the chest or head, reflecting the snipers' expertise, said a senior surgeon who feared for his relatives who live in Hifter-controlled areas.
Mortars, too, have been striking targets with greater precision. "They've become more accurate in the last three weeks," said the doctor.
In at least six deaths, the bullet entry wounds were unusually small. The bullets did not exit the body, suggesting the presence of modern guns and ammunition, he said. In previous conflicts, the wounded arrived during the day, as the fighting usually ended by dusk. Now, they are seeing more casualties arriving in the pre-dawn darkness.
"The timing of battles, the types of injuries, the way people are dying, it's all changed now," said the doctor.
A militiaman walks outside an abandoned house a few hundreds metres away from a school in Al Aziziya, Libya.
When the Russians entered the multi-storey Awlad Telese school in Al Aziziyah, a dozen pro-government fighters were on the floors above. A firefight broke out as the better-equipped Russians lobbed grenades and the militiamen fired with their AK-47 rifles at any mercenary who tried to come up the stairs, recalled two fighters who were there.
Some of the mercenaries, the militiamen said, were blond. They wore helmets, black bulletproof vests and olive green and black attire. They carried black backpacks with small antennas and clutched black modern-looking guns, which fired rapidly.
Soon, the bulk of the mercenaries were shooting out of the school's windows at the pro-government fighters outside trying to push forward.
"We were lucky," said Mohammed Abdul Gader, 30, one of the Libyan militiamen on the floor above. "If they were all fighting us, we would not have survived."
The battle lasted nearly 24 hours. In the early morning, the pro-government fighters advanced in Turkish armoured vehicles into the school, said Mohammed Hamadi, a 33-year-old commander who was there. The mercenaries blew a hole in the wall of a classroom and escaped.
A card with a religious icon believed to belong to Russian mercenaries was found on a Libyan battlefield.
Recovered at the site were a pension card for a Russian, born November 25, 1969, from the Siberian city of Tomsk, as well as a Russian credit card, a card for Russian stores selling military uniforms, groceries and construction materials, and a card to Decathlon, a popular Europe-wide clothing store. Also found at the site of clashes were small cards depicting Russian Orthodox Christian saints and prayers in Russian.
A cellphone belonging to a Russian fighter was found after another recent clash, containing photos of men in Soviet Union military uniforms and a black cap with Russian text that read Ministry of Defence of the USSR. Another image showed a black-and-yellow sign in Russian reading "Russian Naval Infantry" and "wherever we are there is victory." There was also a picture of a sleeve chevron of the air assault brigade of the 165th battalion of the Russian Naval Infantry.
At the sites of various clashes, militiamen have also recovered photos of wives and children, as well as boxes of pills and other medicine made in Russia for flu, headaches and even to control the bladder.
Most notably, however, are the modern Russian-made weapons that have been discovered on the frontlines. They include automatic rocket-propelled grenade launchers, cannister-shaped land mines, sound bombs and other explosives.
In a recovered notebook are handwritten drawings and notations in Russian listing weaponry and other military equipment, battlefield maps and geographical coordinates, combat tasks and military activity. There was also a Russian weapons manual that showed how to build mines and bombs and how to use small arms. Plastic protractors and an electric gadget to measure distances for mortar launches were found at a battle site.
"We've never seen these weapons before on a Libyan battlefield," said Juwaili, the top commander.
