They are showing up in fish stomachs and in beaches across the country, but how are oesophagus clips escaping the meatworks?
It starts with a very puzzled fisherman in The Catlins.
"Wondered why the big kahawai I caught recently was so skinny ... until I checked the stomach contents and found it full of plastic," he posts on Facebook.
The fish's stomach is full of plastic tape and a white plastic clip, which has a large chunk of glistening flesh lodged between its jaws.
The emaciated kahawai was caught near Kaka Point, only a few kilometres from the mouth of the Clutha River's Koau branch. About 15km upriver is Silver Fern Farms' Finegand meatworks, which has resource consent to spew its wastewater directly into the Clutha's blue-green waters.
The Catlins' fisherman isn't the only one finding these clips, however. They're washing up on beaches all over the country.
An oesophagus clip (or weasand clip) is a plastic oval about the size of a small thumb. Like a ghoulish Pac Man, it opens up to reveal two rows of spiky teeth, which clamp around a cow's oesophagus.
Shortly after a cow is slaughtered and its belly ripped open, its windpipe is pulled out. The clip is attached and pushed up the oesophagus, with a rod, to the base of the stomach to stop its contents spilling out. The animal's anus is also plugged to prevent leakage.
"They're a gruesome New Zealand invention," says Auckland University biotechnology researcher Dr Emily Frost of the oesophagus clips. "But they're mandatory, for safety purposes, to prevent the contamination of meat."
Frost, who studies plastic pollution, has herself picked up the clips from beaches in Wellington and the Firth of Thames.
Most cow stomachs are rendered to make fertiliser or animal feed. Because a small amount of plastic contamination is allowed in these byproducts, some of the clips get ground up with the offal in the rendering process, Frost says.
The rest should be caught in freezing works' effluent traps.
"But some are obviously getting through," she says.
Photo / Facebook
RNZ sends the Meat Industry Association (MIA) pictures of clips found on beaches and asks how they might have got there.
"I found about 15 on the coastline from Wairoa up to Mahia last week. Last year I found them down in the South Island too."
Since early 2019, Watson's been circumnavigating the country's coastline, picking up rubbish to highlight the level of plastic pollution in our seas.
After collecting a small haul of oesophagus clips from Hawke's Bay beaches last month, he rang the regional council's pollution hotline. When he didn't get any satisfactory answers, he rang the Ministry for Primary Industries (MPI).
"MPI said they would investigate," he says.
MPI did, but decided it's a matter for regional councils to deal with.
"Inquiries by MPI reveal these clips are supplied to meat slaughter plants," its acting director of compliance services, Gray Harrison, tells RNZ.
"Any dumping of these clips into the environment is a matter for local regional councils. Suggest you make contact with them to discuss."
RNZ does, and it turns out Hawke's Bay Regional Council (HBRC) has had "a number of complaints" over the last year about ear tags and oesophagus clips washing up on beaches from the Wairoa River to Mahia Peninsula.
A clip found on the beach by Des Watson. Photo / RNZ
It even sent its sleuths to inspect AFFCO's Wairoa meat processing plant, which discharges directly into the river, but it couldn't prove it was the source.
"Our compliance officers have undertaken several compliance inspections at the AFFCO plant in Wairoa during this time and have not identified any clips or tags within the wastewater or stormwater discharges from the site," the council's group manager of policy and regulation, Katrina Brunton, says.
The plant's wastewater is screened to catch any large objects and the clips could have been dumped on beaches or even floated there on sea currents, she says.
On the other side of the North Island, oesophagus clips in their thousands are littering Taranaki's coastline.
"They only started appearing last spring," says Te Runanga O Ngati Mutunga environmental officer Marlene Benson.
The iwi regularly hosts beach clean-ups and has collected around 2000 of the clips from the Mimitangiatua River mouth alone, she says.
"We're finding them as far north as Parininihi Beach and as far south as Onaero Beach."
She's puzzled as to where they're coming from.
"We don't have any meatworks in our area anymore. Not for a long time."
Local resident Paora Laurence says they could be coming from a Remediation NZ worm farm up the Mimitangiatua River, which composts offal from meatworks right next to a stream that feeds into the river.
He emails a picture of clips floating in a puddle, which Remediation managing director Kerry O'Neill confirms is on their site: "The photo of the water is from a pad on our site where we have paunch delivered."
But none of the clips are escaping into the stream, he says.
"The clips have not been found in either the stream or river, they have been found on the beach, the TRC [Taranaki Regional Council] have twice now searched extensively the stream and river and found no clips," O'Neill says.
Taranaki Regional Council confirms its "extensive investigations" are inconclusive.
"We have not found sufficient evidence to prove the source of the clips," resource management director Fred McLay says.
So the case of the mysterious meat clips remains unsolved in Taranaki and Hawke's Bay. But what about in Southland where the skinny kahawai was caught?
Environment Southland is not even aware of the issue until RNZ raises it, but says it shouldn't be happening.
"The meat processing plants in Southland have wastewater and stormwater systems that should not allow these sorts of things through."
But it suggests one possible lead.
"The clips may have come from a meat processing plant in the Otago region. We believe there is one near Balclutha which is near the Southland/Otago boundary."
Oesophagus clips from the Mimitangiatua River Mouth. Photo / RNZ
That meat processing plant is Silver Fern Farm's Finegand, on the banks of the Clutha.
The company confirms the clips are used at Finegand and pesky seagulls could be to blame for "less than 20" being found at Kaka Point last year.
"We have had issues with seagulls on the composting site and they are a possible cause which we have been working to address," a spokesperson says.
This includes bird-scarer trials and extra screening to remove the clips before the compost is collected by a contractor.
Most clips are caught by mesh screens in the factory and only a small number of clips enter the compost pile, which has no access to waterways, the company says
"We are also investigating a biodegradable option as we are committed to reducing plastic."
The only company in the world making bioplastics specially designed for the meat industry is in Hamilton.
It currently only has a sheep butt plug on the market but sales have "been pretty slow", says Aduro Biopolymers chair Graham Shortland.
"We're price competitive, we have to be. Our product performance is at least as good, if not better."
There's just been no urgency from meatworks to change to biodegradable products, he says.
Aduro's plastic alternative is made from blood taken from abattoirs, which means it can be rendered without contaminating byproducts and it also breaks down in water.
It's currently trialling a sheep oesophagus clip with a couple of freezing works and hopes it will be ready for sale in the next six months, but it's still working on a clip for cows.
When it's ready, Shortland hopes there'll be real interest from the entire industry.
"We don't want petrochemical plastics going to rendering," he says.
No one wants plastic clips ending up in the oceans either, but a group that counts rubbish along beaches, Sustainable Coastlines, is finding so many it's recently created a new category for oesophagus clips in its Litter Intelligence survey.
"We are also receiving reports and inquiries from other beach clean-up groups regarding these items being found during their events. It appears to be a widespread and relatively common beach litter item which suggests more than one source," says Sustainable Coastlines citizen science manager Ben Knight.
Tara Okan wonders if the clips are being spilt or blown out of offal trucks and down into stormwater drains Photo / RNZ, Claire Eastham-Farrelly
Meanwhile, the Meat Industry Association has had a rethink and fishing now appears to be off the hook.
"The meat processing industry takes its responsibility to the environment extremely seriously," MIA chief executive Sirma Karapeeva says in a statement.
"We are investigating this matter to ascertain whether the clips originated from processing plants in the region."
"Items such as clips normally end up in rendering or are screened out through a plant's wastewater system. Processing companies also have obligations under their resource consents regarding discharges."
It still doesn't explain how so many of these clips are ending up in waterways, but the New Zealand Trade Waste and Industrial Waters Forum says there are many possibilities.
It could be that they're being spilt or blown out of offal trucks and down into stormwater drains, Forum spokesperson and trade waste adviser Tara Okan says.
Or, even if meatworks have traps to stop solids being sent down the drain, the lightweight plastic clips might just float right across the top of them, he says.
"We've seen whole plastic aprons in our pump stations even though the upstream businesses have contrasheer screens."
Sometimes the plumbing in a new part of a factory accidentally bypasses this kind of treatment.
HBRC says it's investigated all these options when inspecting AFFCO's Wairoa plant but none apply.
While regional councils have had no luck in finding the source, the Meat Industry Association says it will update RNZ on its own investigations into the issue.
Okan says whatever the reason it isn't good enough.
"These items should not be in the general environment. This is a direct result of insufficient treatment of a trade waste."
Sustainable Coastlines co-founder Camden Howitt agrees: "Plastics released into the marine environment last a very long time and wreak havoc on ecosystems.
"Sharp, hard plastics like the oesophagus clip can puncture the digestive system including -- in a cruel twist or irony -- the oesophagus, of sea creatures that ingest them."
