Since the 1950s farmers have been working to control erosion, but there's a lot we still don't know about the processes involved.
Erosion is a gradual wearing away of land by wind, rainfall or wave action. Sometimes it happens dramatically, as we have seen in North Canterbury paddocks after the swarm of earthquakes.
It is a natural process, but can be accelerated by inappropriate management, such as allowing stock to over-graze pasture or taking a bulldozer where it really shouldn't go.
Whether natural or not, the end result can be loss of top soil, flooding and increased levels of phosphorus and sediment in downstream rivers.
Generations of farmers have planted trees, fenced off steep areas and retired their most erodible land in an effort to limit damage and keep any effects on-farm.