Projections published at the end of 2023 based on policies from the last Government, showed the country hitting its first three emissions budgets. Under new projections published today, which incorporate decisions the new Government has made to bin a host of Labour-era policies like decarbonising heavy industry and subsidies for EVs, the government will sail 17 Mt CO2-e above that third budget, which runs from 2031–35.
The government is on track to meet its current budget, emissions budget 1, and the second emissions budget, which ends in 2030.
An emissions reduction plan is a document the Government releases under the Zero Carbon Act. It is meant to set out policies that will help the Government to meet its emissions budgets on the way to hit the Government’s ultimate goal of net zero emissions for long-lived gasses in 2050. The Government has one more emissions reduction plan to deploy to hit its third budget.
The Government released its draft plan today for consultation. A final plan will be published before the end of the year.
“This draft Emissions Reduction Plan shows that with effective climate change policies we can both grow the economy and deliver our climate change commitments,” Climate Change Minister Simon Watts said.
He downplayed the impact of scrapping Labour policies on the emissions budget, saying policy changes made by the new Government were only responsible for about one third of the revision.
The majority of the changes were due to “methodology” and other developments since the last projections were published - in particular the inclusion of Tiwai Point aluminium smelter which would now remain operational.
He said that alone added nearly five megatonnes to the second emissions budget.
He also pointed out there was a large margin of error for that third budget of plus or minus 10 and the Government had set out a number of pathways, including in respect of forestry and agriculture, to get there.
“We remain confident and committed to hitting that target,” Watts said.
Labour and Greens respond
Labour’s Climate Change Spokeswoman Megan Woods said a reelected Labour Government would have worked with the owners of Tiwai, Rio Tinto, to look at decarbonising the smelter. She pointed to a Rio Tinto smelter in Canada that is successfully decarbonising.
“We weren’t having any discussions [about a decarbonising deal] before they made a decision to stay, but if they had made a decision to put a long term stake in the ground, we would have,” Woods said.
An option might have been the now-scrapped GIDI fund, which paid polluters to decarbonise. Another option could be looking at a way of capitalising an industrial polluter’s free allocation credits.
Green Party co-leader and spokesperson for Climate Change Chlöe Swarbrick said the Government was “pouring oil, coal and gas on the climate crisis fire”.
“Today’s draft Emissions Reduction Plan lays bare that they have no plan to reach carbon neutrality by 2050,” she said.
“In a nutshell, their ‘plan’ means largely giving up on stopping pollution at the source and a whole lot of wishful thinking,” she said.
The Government published an economic analysis with the plan and said that the policies contained within it will reduce New Zealand’s GDP by 0.4% by 2050 compared with a scenario in which no climate action was taken. The Government is keen to ensure reducing emissions does not come at the expense of growth.
The effects of the plan will be felt most severely on households with an annual income of $35,000 to $61,000, particularly superannuitant households. These households will reduce their consumption by between 0.4% and just less than 0.6% on average, versus no change.
The policies in the plan are mainly things the Government announced on the campaign trail like setting a target for 10,000 electric vehicle chargers by 2030, improving public transport in Auckland by opening the City Rail Link and investing in new rapid transit. Agriculture and forestry will make the largest contributions to the second emissions budget, although short-lived gasses like methane will remain outside the ETS.
In the most recent fiscal Budget, the Government included a plan to improve organic waste and landfill gas capture and to invest in resource recovery through the Waste Minimisation Fund.
Contribution to the second emissions budget by sector. Graphic / ERP
Earlier this month, the Government announced a plan to invest in carbon capture, utilisation and storage which captures emissions, preventing them from entering the atmosphere. This also entered the emissions reduction plan.
One of the main planks of the plan is not to reduce emissions, but to plant an enormous number of new trees to sequester emissions.
The Government said it was keen to harness private investment to plant trees on Crown land.
This land would be land that is not in a national park, is unsuitable for farming, and has low conservation value.
“Estimates of the area of Crown land that is suitable for planting are preliminary and conservative. Further analysis will be required to confirm land suitability; however, it is likely that more land is available, and the potential abatement is greater than currently projected,” the plan said.
The forests would, ideally, not just be pine forests, but native forests too.
“Native forests can provide a long-term carbon sink and co-benefits, including biodiversity and adaptation value.
“Established native forests are likely to be better suited to steep and erosion-prone land as they are more able to withstand extreme weather,” the plan said.
It noted that currently, incentives disadvantage native forests compared with introduced trees.
“[T]he Government is interested in exploring partnerships to improve the incentives for native planting” the plan said.
Assuming planting from 2027, the Government thinks there could be plantings of indigenous trees of 5000ha in 2027 and 7500ha from 2028 and exotic planting of 10,000ha from 2027.
The current Government is keen to make greater use of the Emissions Trading Scheme to drive down emissions, but the scheme itself has not, thus far, been obliging.
Impact by household. Graphic / ERP
NZUs, a unit of emissions under the scheme, are currently trading at just above $50, far lower than in the past.
The Government currently gives some industrial polluters free credits to ensure they are not disadvantaged when competing globally.
These allocations must be regularly reviewed to ensure those firms feel enough pain from the ETS to reduce their emissions, but not so much that they are internationally disadvantaged.
Former Climate Change Minister James Shaw began a review of these settings which were last set in 2010. The current Government will pick up that work to, in the words of the plan, “ensure that free allocations more accurately reflect emissions by firms receiving allocations”.
“We will publish updated regulations later in 2024,” the plan said.
Heading off legal threat
Watts said the Government was not just consulting on policies for its own emissions reduction plan, but on decisions it had made to bin parts of the last Government’s emissions plan.
“Projections show that we remain on track to meeting the first Emissions Budget, however we want to seek public feedback on the impact of the change in approach,” he said.
This is significant given the legal threat the government faces over its decision to bin a host of Labour-Green emissions policies.
Lawyers for Climate Action have previously argued the Government is in breach of the Zero Carbon Act by dumping the last government’s emissions reduction plan policies without going through the emissions reduction plan process set out in legislation.
Paris goal
The report also warned that a lot more work will be needed to hit New Zealand’s Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC), the international climate target the Government signed up to under the Paris agreement.
The plan said that the policies in the plan will “contribute” to hitting the NDC, but “but we know that more is needed”.
The report said that 93 Mt CO2-e of additional abatement, on top of currently proposed policies, will be required to meet the NDC.
The gap between the first and second emissions budgets and the NDC is 101 Mt CO2-e.
That is an awful lot of emissions. The second budget is for 305 megatones over the whole five years of 3026 to 2031, an average 61 megatonnes per year.
In all likelihood, this will mean New Zealand spending significant sums of money on purchasing international offsets, something that was part of the last Government’s plan too.
Estimates for the cost of these offsets vary wildly. Treasury thinks they could cost anywhere between $3.3b and $23.7b.
Thomas Coughlan is Deputy Political Editor and covers politics from Parliament. He has worked for the Herald since 2021 and has worked in the press gallery since 2018.
