By doing so, he ingeniously induces the main symptom of a "choke" - sudden, inexplicable lapses in performance.
But even the world's best have occasional skill failures that are not technically "chokes". What defines a choke is an emphasis on social evaluation that provokes increased self-awareness. Experts (at any skill) have automated performance, such that it requires no mental effort.
In contrast, novices analyse the movement using their sophisticated yet slow-and-deliberate conscious mind. Skill learning occurs as we automate the various aspects of the movement, but anything that can persuade the conscious system to step in and take control again - such as pressure and questions - can cause a choke.
Fear of failure
Why do teams become so conservative in the most important matches? I have a stock ice-breaker in teamwork sessions: the floating pole game (see the video below).
The two (only two!) rules of the game translate as:
- lower the pole to the ground
- don't mess up!
By flamboyantly enforcing Rule 2, I can almost guarantee the pole will rise, not fall - the exact opposite of winning.
When players focus on avoiding defeat, as opposed to winning, their style of play often becomes risk-averse. Psychologically, "winning" and "not-losing" are very different, even if one should beget the other.
It is worth remembering that it's not failure we fear, but the consequences of failing (a seven-year-old focus group participant taught me this). This can explain why the quality of the attacking play often deteriorates as the tournament progresses and the stakes get higher.
Groupthink
In a famous experiment, American psychologist Solomon Asch demonstrated how completely normal people often ignore obvious physical evidence (such as "Line A is much longer than Line B") if the rest of their group all agrees. Watch as a hapless participant yields in the video below.
To players in a team, the difference between "hard uncontrollable reality" and "the way we're doing things right now" is often blurry.
Therefore if everyone else is quiet, risk-averse and nervy, that attitude becomes normal. In such situations, strong acts of leadership and/ or open, frank communication between players can allow the harmful "norm" to be broken.
However with few opportunities to pause and reflect, it is much easier said than done.
Flow or 'the zone'
In his autobiography, Brazilian footballing legend Pelé describes being in "the zone" beautifully: "a strange calmness [...] a type of euphoria; I felt I could run all day without tiring, that I could dribble through any of their teams or all of them, that I could almost pass through them physically".
Ironically, athletes performing at their best often remember very little of the experience, and when asked "How did you do that?", they often reply "I don't know".
Time seems to pass quicker, and the player feels totally in control. Notably, the experience always accompanies excellence, never poor performance.
In some ways, flow is the polar opposite of choking; the controlling brain relinquishes control and enjoys the ride (which is invariably a pleasurable experience). The player has confidence to try things they might never ordinarily attempt ... and succeed.
Momentum or the 'run-of-play'
This is a commentators' favourite. If flow is at the individual level, in this instance we can view momentum as applying at the team level (although individual sports such as tennis and golf can be analysed in terms of "momentum" too).
It can be easily tracked in two-sided games as possession and territory appear to swing from one side to the other. It can change rapidly, and some players even try to manage momentum by feigning injuries or delaying re-starts.
Rousing tackles, runs, shots or saves/blocks can all be seen as momentum-changers, as can refereeing decisions.
Importantly, the team with more momentum tends to be the one that scores - but counter-attacking is a specific tactic often used in football.
'Understanding'
At a junction today, I knew another car was going to cut across me. No indication; I just knew, and couldn't tell you exactly why: approach speed? Lane positioning? Something cued me to stop.
In the same way, elite players do not think faster or better per se - they have just developed better mental shortcuts. Technically, these could be called attentional cues (see what Ronaldo sees in the video below):
Using such cues, those who play together a lot simply "know", often unconsciously, where their compatriot will be - apparently showing some "sixth sense".
Nevertheless, it is still a guess, and players who have only been playing together a few weeks - as a World Cup often demands - sometimes make odd passes or defend badly because their usual rules or shortcuts don't work in the new situation.
In the opinion of this psychologist, the mental game is often more interesting than the one on the pitch.
- The Conversation
