"Absolutely, there's no question of that," said the 36-year-old, who is married to Australian cyclist Katie Mactier.
"I wouldn't be turning up and not try to win it. I am realistic as well. It's a hard race to win. I've only got one rider there - myself.
"But I can't win it sitting here at home in Melbourne, either. You've got to turn up on the start line to have a chance of winning it."
Henderson said the national championship was a tough nut to crack.
"The dynamics of the nationals is so different from any other race. By the last lap everyone is usually on their last legs. You're in ones and twos.
"If it was a Pro Tour race, you can predict what will happen nine times out of 10. But it's a New Zealand bike race and you're racing against some of the good young talent, club riders and trade teams who have all peaked for it, as well as some other pros racing as individuals too.
"It's a hard race to control and a hard race to dictate and a hard race to predict."
Henderson has a rich pedigree in the sport, starting on the track with a world title in the scratch race 10 years ago, a stage win in the Vuelta a Espana in 2009 along with six stage victories on the Pro Tour.
Specialising as a lead-out rider, Henderson set up German Greipel to 20 stage wins in 2012 with three of them coming in the Tour de France.
The Melbourne and Girona-based father of two knows what wearing the national jersey would mean to him.
"It would be beautiful to be able to wear that black jersey in Europe. New Zealand is pretty well known now.
"All the Kiwi bike riders who come over to Europe are well respected. It would definitely be nice and special to wear the jersey in Europe, for sure.
"It's a very prominent jersey too, so if you had the national jersey sitting in front of Greipel, who's winning stages of the Tour de France, I guess it's helping put New Zealand on the map."
Henderson, who studied at the University of Otago, is bringing his 3-year-old daughter, Charlie, to New Zealand and taking the opportunity to catch up with his family.
He's riding with a BikeNZ team in the Jayco Herald Sun Tour this week, and after the national championships he'll head for the first big goal of the season, at the Tour Down Under in Adelaide with his Lotto-Belisol team.
Calder Stewart
When: Friday, January 11
Where: Starts Lincoln University on Ellesmere Junction Rd, Christchurch
Race Distances: 120.5km (Elite Women) 183.7km (Elite and U23 Men)
Information: www.bikenz.org.nz