Maxwell (eight not out) missed the final ball and ran a bye as Australia finished three shy of victory.
Before the final ball, Sri Lanka's fielders had gathered around the bowler Thisara Perera to offer advice and an angry Maxwell yelled at the tourists to get on with it.
This prompted Sri Lanka's Mahela Jayawardene to yell back at Maxwell and the pair clashed immediately after the final over in a nose-to-nose argument while Perera taunted Maxwell.
Several Australia players also argued with Jayawardene during the on-field handshakes in front of 39,247 fans.
Needing 18 from the final over with eight wickets in hand, Australia scored 14 off the first five balls including two successive fours from Maxwell after Bailey's exit caught at deep-square leg.
Bailey suffered a foot injury while batting and could be in doubt for Friday's first one-day international against West Indies in Perth.
Earlier, Jayawardene (61 not out) shared a 63-run partnership with Jeevan Mendis (25) for Sri Lanka's fourth wicket before plundering 20 runs from the final over with Thisara Perera.
Perera belted an unbeaten 35 from 15 deliveries.
Jayawardene and Perera added 59 from 28 deliveries.
Offspinner Maxwell (1-23 from four overs) and paceman James Faulkner (1-24) were able to restrict Sri Lanka's scoring.
However Ben Laughlin's final over - which went for 20 runs including one bye - blew out his figures to 1-40 and fellow quick Mitchell Starc (0-35) also struggled.
Australia have not won a T20 series since February 2010.
Bailey said he couldn't comment specifically on what happened before and after the final ball because he wasn't out there.
"Passion mate. People care about the game and care about the way they play,'' Bailey said.
"I know we get along very well with this side. Even just the chats there coming off, I think it's all just heat-of-the-moment stuff.
"But I think what you're seeing is individuals and teams that are pretty keen to win.''
Sri Lanka captain Angelo Mathews backed up Bailey's comments.
"Things happen. Exchange a few words,'' he said.
"They play it hard. We play it hard. So that's it.
"After the game you're friends.''
Mathews said Perera bowled a brilliant 15-run final over considering the ball was wet and difficult to grip.
Maxwell said on Twitter: "I went into the Sri Lankan rooms after and they apologised for going over the top. All good.''
- AAP