He eclipsed Lou Vincent's 172 - against lowly Zimbabwe in 2005 - as the highest ODI innings by a New Zealander.
Guptill received support from Kane Williamson (55) in a partnership of 120, then Ross Taylor (60) helped put on 109 and finally Brendon McCullum (40) joined him for an unbeaten stand of 118.
He became the third New Zealander to score consecutive one-day international centuries after making 103 not out at Lord's on Saturday (NZT).
Mark Greatbatch was the first to achieve the feat in May 1990 against England, also within 48 hours. Ross Taylor made one against Zimbabwe in October 2011 and backed it up last July against the West Indies.
"I've had a lean patch over the last few months even before I was injured [against England in February] so to score back-to-back hundreds is a special feeling," Guptill said. "I'm also pleased to take the record off Lou [Vincent], who is someone I've played a lot of cricket with. I will give him stick later tonight.
"The wicket was a touch on the slow side but it was still good for batting."
Guptill impressed both captains.
"It's a huge credit to him," England skipper Alastair Cook said, as he contemplated changes for the final match in Nottingham on Thursday. "He made us pay by always finding the right option."
"His batsmanship through the middle stages was most impressive," McCullum said. "We all know his striking ability. Couple those two factors together and that is as good an innings in ODIs as you will see for New Zealand."
McCullum also reflected on winning an ODI series which no other side has managed in England since Australia in September 2009.
"Considering where they are on the rankings [third versus eighth] and in their own conditions it was great to wrap up the series in two games. It shows how good the team can be when we get things in order."
Highest ODI scores:
* 219 - Virender Sehwag, IND v WI Indore 2011
* 200* - Sachin Tendulkar, IND v SA Gwalior 2010
* 194* - Charles Coventry, ZIM v BAN Bulawayo 2009
* 194 - Saeed Anwar, PAK v IND Chennai 1997
* 189* - Martin Guptill, NZL v ENG Southampton 2013
* 189* - Vivian Richards, WI v ENG Manchester 1984
* 189 - Sanath Jayasuriya, SRI v IND Sharjah 2000
* 188* - Gary Kirsten, SA v UAE Rawalpindi 1996
* 186* - Sachin Tendulkar, IND v NZL Hyderabad 1999
* 185* - Shane Watson, AUS v BAN Dhaka 2011.