"There was a period of ... maybe five to six months during the beginning part of 2012 where there was no effective operation,'' WADA Director General David Howman said in an interview. "No testing. There might have been one or two, but there was no testing. So we were worried about it, obviously.''
Jamaican stars didn't go completely untested before London. Track and field's governing body, the IAAF, says it extensively tested elite Jamaicans, including Bolt more than 12 times last year. History's fastest human has never failed a drug test.
Jamaica won eight of 12 individual sprint medals in London. Bolt became the first man to win both the 100 and 200 meters at consecutive games and anchored Jamaica's relay victory in world-record time.
It isn't possible to judge with any certainty whether the gaps in Jamaica's testing opened a door to cheating, particularly because other agencies refuse to say how many tests were conducted on the Jamaicans in 2012.
The revelations by Shirley, however, were alarming enough to prompt action. While WADA has audited Jamaica's testing regime before, Howman said its new action is a direct response to the problems Shirley exposed and to positive doping tests this year for five athletes who competed for Jamaica in London. They include former world 100 record holder Asafa Powell and Sherone Simpson, an Olympic 4x100-relay gold and silver medalist.
"It's an extraordinary visit,'' Howman said. Jamaica is "a high priority. ... They're on our radar.''
WADA is unhappy Jamaica hasn't agreed to a swift inspection. Elliott said JADCO couldn't accommodate the auditors when WADA wanted and isn't expecting the visit before the end of the year.
Shirley said JADCO conducted 96 tests in competition in 2012 before the Olympics, all in May and June at an invitational meet and the national trials. But away from the competitive events, there was no Jamaican testing for five of the seven months before the London Games, she said.
After 10 tests in February and one in April, JADCO's out-of-competition program stopped, according to Shirley's figures. She later gave the same figures to Sports Illustrated, where they generated more attention than her letter to The Gleaner.
"It irritated me as a Jamaican: one test out of competition, for what, five months or four months?'' Shirley said in a telephone interview. "Given that it was an Olympic year, I felt that more could have been done.''
IOC medical commission Chairman Arne Ljungqvist and Patrick Schamasch, who retired as IOC medical director after London, said they weren't told of the testing gap. They said they could have ordered additional tests on Jamaica's team had they known.
"For certain, we weren't informed of anything about Jamaica,'' Schamasch said. "Had we been told that JADCO wasn't able to test beforehand, we possibly could have readjusted our aim a little bit.''
Ljungqvist said: "Jamaica is far from being alone, you know? We know that out-of-competition testing in the proper way is not being conducted unfortunately in many parts of the world. One shouldn't single out Jamaica.''
But Jamaica isn't just any country. Led by Bolt, it dethroned the U.S. as the dominant sprinting power at the last two Olympics.
"It's almost abnormal, OK? Let's face it. For a country of less than 3 million people,'' Shirley said. "What, you're saying there's something peculiar in the water in Jamaica?''
Howman told the AP that WADA learned only after London from Shirley of the testing voids. Although JADCO was under no obligation to inform anyone earlier, "you'd expect it,'' he said.
"We had no knowledge of anything that was down there until we heard from her.''
Elliott, the JADCO chairman, bristles at the mention of Shirley's name.
"Ms. Shirley has done this country and herself a great deal of harm by saying things that are not totally in keeping with the truth,'' he said in a phone interview.
JADCO's and Shirley's overall testing figures for 2012 actually agree. Both say JADCO did a total of 179 tests 108 in competition and 71 out of competition. But Shirley gave month-by-month figures, and JADCO didn't.
Pressed by AP, Elliot said: "Maybe I'll have the figures tomorrow.''
But 24 hours later, Elliott didn't answer repeated calls or respond to a text message. Without those figures, AP could not verify his assertion that Shirley's statistics were wrong.
"Not all of them are lies. I mean, you know, she has exaggerated,'' he said.
Shirley's breakdown showed the bulk of out-of-competition tests 60 of the 71 were done only after London after she took over at JADCO in July 2012. In Sports Illustrated, she described finding the agency woefully understaffed.
Elliott told AP "there was no money in the coffers'' when he became JADCO chairman in February 2012, and 400 of its test kits were outdated and unusable. He said JADCO borrowed kits from other Caribbean nations and from "people in Florida who we know.''
The main obstacle to out-of-competition testing, he said, was that "most of our athletes were off the island. We had them overseas preparing for the Olympics.''
"Therefore we asked IAAF ... to test them overseas out of competition. All right? And they did,'' he said.
He also said: "We've done tests WADA doesn't know about.'' He didn't provide details.
Shirley said she left JADCO in February because "the board and I did not get along, and there were other problems in the system. It overwhelmed me.''
Elliott said she was fired but refused to say why. "She has her ax to grind,'' he said.
The IAAF's out-of-competition testing for Jamaica concentrated on athletes' training camps and ``was robust and comprehensive,'' spokesman Chris Turner said.
Elliott said testers descended "in droves every day'' on Jamaica's pre-Olympic track-and-field camp in Birmingham, England, in the weeks before the games.
"Some of our athletes were raising hell that they were tested every day, and not only with urine, but blood,'' he said. "I don't think they could have done more testing. They were testing every athlete in our camp, sometimes twice a day.''
Shirley also acknowledges other agencies policed the Jamaicans.
"I'm pretty sure that all of the athletes who went to London were tested at least once and the majority of them more than once,'' she told the AP.
On Bolt, she added: "I am positive that he got tested in double figures'' in 2012.
But the exact extent of testing on Bolt and his teammates is tightly guarded. Bolt's agent, Ricky Simms, told AP "he's tested almost every week,'' but the public has no way of verifying that.
The IOC tested the top five finishers after each event in London. That means Bolt and teammates Yohan Blake (100 and 200 silver; relay gold), Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce (women's 100 gold; 200 and relay silver), and Veronica Campbell-Brown (100 bronze; relay silver; 4th in 200) must have been tested multiple times.
The IOC refuses to give specific testing numbers for the Jamaicans. Bolt and Simms say they don't tally up his tests. "I don't even know where we'd go to find that information,'' Simms said.
Bolt, asked by the AP at his last race this year how frequently he is tested, said: "Sometimes they will come like six times in one month and then you won't see them for two months and then they come three times in one week. So I don't really keep track.''
Fraser-Pryce said she was tested "more than 18'' times this year. She offered to let AP see the receipts that she, like all tested athletes, gets when giving samples, but her manager, Adrian Laidlaw, refused.
After Shirley exposed JADCO's shortcomings, Howman wrote to the Jamaican government and said he got an invitation to send experts.
The team will check whether JADCO complies with WADA's anti-doping rules, as well as whom the agency is testing and how, and "that what they're doing is of significant quality,'' Howman said.
Elliott expects WADA's team to visit at the end of 2013 or the beginning of 2014.
"The last time they were here, they claimed everything was OK,'' he said. "So I don't see how they're going to say anything is different this time.''
- AP
