Pressure to drink more was greater for those who were "risky drinkers" - that is, those who drank more than six standard drinks in one session at least weekly. This is presumably because those of us who drink more are more likely to be part of social groups where heavier drinking is the norm.
Most of the research on social and peer influences on drinking has been done with teenagers and college students. This is because the influence of peers on our behaviour is strongest when we're teenagers.
There is evidence that young adults who are more socially anxious, or concerned about what others think of them, are more prone to drink in a risky manner as a result.
The ability to resist peer influence seems to rise from about 14, although some research suggests our ability to stand up to our mates doesn't increase much from age 18 to 30.
Research shows peers can influence our drinking practices directly and indirectly. Direct influences can be as overt as open encouragement to drink, buying someone a drink when they have said they don't want one, or subtle gestures to drink up.
Indirect influences can be through modelling (observing others' behaviour) or through beliefs about what is considered acceptable or "normal" drinking behaviour.
Why the pressure to drink?
It's difficult to find specific research on why our friends put pressure on us to drink. But there are some general indications from social psychology and sociology regarding conformity and group mentality.
Essentially, we are tribal social animals. From an evolutionary perspective, early humans had to form social groups to hunt, gather food, protect each other and survive. As a result, we have evolved tendencies to support group cohesion by conforming to group norms and shunning non-conformity.
So if we tend to associate with people who are like us and engage in similar behaviours, and we start doing things in a way that goes against the group norms, such as not drinking in a social situation, this can be a challenge to the acceptability of that behaviour in the group.
As I say to clients in my clinical psychology practice, when you decide you want to cut down or stop drinking, it can be a bit like you are holding up a mirror to your mates that says "I've decided my drinking needs to change and maybe you should look at your own drinking".
At an almost unconscious level, they can try to resolve this discomfort by encouraging you to start drinking again, just like them.
How to avoid the peer pressure
Here are some tips for dealing with pressure to drink in social situations.
1. Don't be surprised if your friends seem to undermine your efforts to cut down drinking. They're not necessarily trying to undermine you. They're probably just dealing with insecurities about their own drinking.
2. Plan how you will respond before you put yourself in that social drinking situation. Sometimes having a cover story, such as "I'm on medication so I can't drink" or "I'm driving", can help in the short term.
3. Remind yourself of the reasons you are cutting down or stopping drinking. A strong resolution to change your drinking can be a big help in resisting pressure to drink.
4. Think about who in the group might back your decision to change your drinking behaviour. Speak to them beforehand about what you are trying to do, and tell them how they can help deal with any pressure from the group.
5. If people are buying rounds, either stay out of these or buy others alcoholic drinks when it's your turn to shout, but ask they buy you a non-alcoholic drink.
6. If they persist with pressuring you to drink, ask yourself if they're the kind of mates to be around when you're trying to change your drinking behaviour.
