The tube presented the target wasp with a choice of odours emitted down the arms of the tube.
The researchers found that male wasps were overwhelmingly attracted to the odour of virgin females and not previously mated ones.
They also explored how male competition and body size affect mating outcomes.
"We discovered that mating success was more likely and the time taken for mating to commence was lower when two males were competing, as opposed to scenarios involving solitary or non-competing males," Plant and Food Research entomologist Dr Gonzalo Avila said."
We also found that the actual duration of mating was longer when two males had been competing for a female.
"This may be guarding behaviour where the successful male stays in position until the female becomes unresponsive so as to reduce the opportunity for a competitor to mate.
"This explanation is compelling, as we found that unsuccessful males did try to disrupt the successful males during the mating process."
The results revealed that larger males had more success with mating, although it was not clear whether this is due to female preference or larger males winning in competitive behaviour.
By understanding the conditions leading to successful reproduction of C. urabae, scientists hope to advance the capability of rearing the wasp in captivity for use as a biocontrol agent against U. lugens.
According to Avila, while the study was time and labour intensive, the results have now established a knowledge base and more specific laboratory conditions can be established to further explore how to best rear C. urabae.
"We can now modify the laboratory conditions to pair two males with a single virgin female and prioritise larger males.
"A key goal of the overall research is to create conditions conducive to mating success and increasing the percentage of female offspring of this parasitoid species."
The research has been published in the scientific journal Bulletin of Entomological Research.
