More jailed mothers should be able to look after their children in prison, a report says, and parent-child units should be extended to fathers for the first time.
The Unlocking Prisons report, launched by lobby group JustSpeak, says keeping convicted parents and their children together is likely to reduce their chance of reoffending.
Mothers have been able to bring under-2s into jail since 2008, when the Labour government adopted a Green Party private member's bill. Some jailed parents can get independent units within prison, and others can use specialised facilities to look after their child up to 12 hours a day.
There are 14 parent-child units in the three women's prisons, for a population of 533 prisoners.
Justspeak said more parent-child units should be established and Corrections should consider independent units for fathers in prison.