Mourners gather to remember the victims of the shooting in Buffalo, New York. Video / AP
Penalising tech companies for hosting extremist hatred and teaching critical thinking at schools have been cited at ways of tackling domestic terrorism risks.
Last weekend's anti-black shootings in Buffalo, New York, have reactivated debate around hate speech laws and retraumatised some in the New Zealand Muslim community.
The US shooter referenced the 2019 Christchurch mosque shootings, and his manifesto and livestream have already been banned in New Zealand.
"I know everyone in the community wanted for nothing like Christchurch to happen again," said Anjum Rahman, Inclusive Aotearoa Tāhono co-lead.
She said the US supermarket shootings weren't the first time mass shooters overseas had quoted the Christchurch terrorist.
The US shooter livestreamed his actions on Twitch, which removed the footage.
Rahman said teaching critical thinking at schools could be another way of preventing people falling into echo chambers or being seduced by extremist ideologies.
She said it was important any type of hate speech law did not end up stifling debate.
"You should be able to criticise. You should be able to use strong language. You've got to catch the really top end that encourages people to harm others and incites."
Security and geopolitical analyst Dr Paul Buchanan said New Zealand needed laws delineating protected offensive speech and hate speech.
"Now we have these free speech absolutists who claim all speech is protected. They assume that everyone is equally rational."
He said some online social media platforms and bulletin boards were acting as enablers of violent extremism.
"Very often, the speech is directed to prey on the prejudice that already exists in people, and their mental illness."
Flowers and messages of support on Deans Ave in Christchurch after the 2019 mosque shootings. Photo / Michael Craig
Buchanan, 36th Parallel Assessments director, said tech platforms should be legally liable for enabling mass shootings and other acts of violence.
"We can't err on the side of people being rational and reasonable. Unhinged minds will gravitate to these sort of platforms ... and if unconstrained by law, many of them will act upon it."
He said some local free speech absolutists and fringe media personalities were "dogwhistling to the extremists".
Dogwhistling referred to seemingly harmless but often coded words or terms communicated through phrases only a select group of people understood.
Buchanan said the 18-year-old US terrorist was emulating Christchurch shooter Brenton Tarrant, who in turn was emulating Norwegian mass murderer Anders Breivik.
"We've got to get serious and put a hurt to tech platforms, as well as the individuals involved.
"If you're profiting that much then you have enough money to self-regulate and police your own content. Because your billion-dollar business can afford to do 24/7 monitoring."
Act leader David Seymour also supported teaching critical thinking but has said hate speech laws would create a more divided society.
"What we've learned is that if you force people into increasingly dark corners of the internet, you don't make the hateful speech and ideas go away. All you do is you make them even harder to monitor," he said today.
He was not persuaded sending a message to tech companies would help.
"The technological advances that have allowed them to recognise the pattern of these live streams and screen them out using AI, that's the most important thing that's happened in the last two years."
Cabinet minister Megan Woods on the weekend said the US shooter's apparent idolisation of the Christchurch terrorist retraumatised some in the local Muslim community.
Also on the weekend, Broadcasting Minister Kris Faafoi said the hate speech issue was "fraught" and he was unwilling to disclose a detail or timeline about proposed laws.
