A 19-year-old living with cystic fibrosis holds a precious one-month supply of Trikafta, anonymously gifted to him after publicity about his plight. Photo / Andrew Warner, File
A 19-year-old living with cystic fibrosis holds a precious one-month supply of Trikafta, anonymously gifted to him after publicity about his plight. Photo / Andrew Warner, File
Opinion by Peter Davis
OPINION
It is almost exactly 30 years since Pharmac was founded, proving to be one of the longest-lasting agencies in the health sector - and yet in the heat of an election campaign, it is in danger of becoming a potent target.
Politicians or former MPsas varied as Katherine Rich (a former National Party MP) and NZ First leader Winston Peters have the medicines and medical devices procurement agency in their sights. Media outlets as diverse as Radio New Zealand and NBR and social media have carried critical pieces, together with advocacy groups and medical charities.
This is against the background of a recent review of Pharmac which was labelled as “damning” by some. Yet it drew qualified praise from the Royal New Zealand College of General Practitioners, who concluded it does not consider the Pharmac system to be “broken” but the system is in need of some change.
What is it about Pharmac that can draw this kind of ire?
Essentially, the organisation has the unenviable task of subsidising medicines for the entire population on a fixed budget in circumstances where the demand for such treatment is almost infinite. As new drugs come onto the market, new conditions are discovered needing care, and the population ages.
In a sense, Pharmac has been a victim of its own success. It has been so successful in price negotiations with pharmaceutical companies that the savings it has made amount to something like 10 per cent of the entire health budget. Governments have banked those savings for use elsewhere in health while failing to increase the agency’s budget.
The proximity of Australia is also to a degree unhelpful. Just as tradespeople, professionals and other staff can go over the Tasman and increase their pay by at least a third, so citizens believe that they can do the same and gain treatments they could not in New Zealand.
Demands for access to drugs are often driven by people taking to social media to talk about using them.
Indeed, we would have to treble our drugs budget just to match the prices Australia pays.
These issues have always been present, but what has made it sharper – aside from budgetary constraints – is the recent increase in expensive, specialised medicines, many passed by expedited review, a process which provides much less information and has been found to accept medicines for clinical use that have later to be recalled.
It is also the case that probably only a third of new, high-priced medicines are likely to make a substantial clinical difference, and yet these are understandably welcomed by patients and advocacy groups who might be desperate for any “good” news, no matter how uncertain and marginal.
For example, the drug assessment agency in the US – the FDA – recently passed an Alzheimer’s drug despite the opposition of its entire expert advisory group.
Presumably, it felt that the small cognitive improvements reported from clinical trials, even despite the identified adverse side effects, were something it should pass on after years of limited hope.
Overall, Pharmac has had considerable success.
Quite aside from saving the taxpayer a lot of money, 10 per cent of people receiving medications absorb 84 per cent of total funds (suggesting that those most in need are being addressed); fewer than 5 per cent of patients report financial obstacles to receiving their medications (suggestive of universal access); and the organisation has also had a role in keeping unsafe drugs off the market and working with expert groups to ensure that drugs are only brought onto the market once their clinical application is clear.
It is sometimes said that our system of democratic politics needs to be defended from itself since it relies so much on bringing underlying, potentially destructive, conflicts to the surface, and these need to be handled with civility. Yet, such conflicts can endanger our institutions, as we have seen in the rise of populism under Trump in the US and Boris Johnson in the UK, greatly fuelled by a competitive media environment and turbocharged by the algorithms of social media.
Pharmac seems to be such a potential lightning rod in the current election season, bringing to the fore an element of the “dark shadow” of adversarial politics. Why is this so?
In many respects access to medicines is a litmus test of a decent society, particularly if a medication can make the difference between life and death. It is a modern “gift relationship” between the citizen and the state. So it raises fundamental issues about what it is to be a good society.
At the same time, medicines are promoted by a commercially savvy industry; they can be very expensive and can come with conflicting therapeutic claims.
There is a job to be done here reconciling these contrasting pressures, and Pharmac has that responsibility. As the College of General Practitioners said in its submission, the system is not “broken” but it has work to do to maintain public confidence.
Peter Davis, is an Emeritus Professor of Population Health and Social Science with the University of Auckland.
